Page not found – e History Library https://www.ehistorylib.com Tue, 26 Mar 2024 05:05:25 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=4.9.25 Politics of Afghanistan https://www.ehistorylib.com/politics-of-afghanistan.html Tue, 26 Mar 2024 05:05:25 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1828 The politics of Afghanistan have been shaped by a complex interplay of internal dynamics, regional rivalries, and international interventions. From its history of tribal governance to its experience with monarchy, communism, civil war, and foreign occupation, Afghanistan has navigated through various political systems and challenges.

Historical Foundations:

According to politicsezine, Afghanistan’s political history traces back thousands of years, characterized by a decentralized system of governance dominated by tribal leaders and local councils (jirgas). This system allowed for a degree of autonomy and self-governance within various regions while also fostering a sense of loyalty and identity among tribal communities.

During the 18th century, Ahmad Shah Durrani established the Durrani Empire, which encompassed much of present-day Afghanistan and parts of surrounding territories. The empire provided a semblance of centralized rule under a monarchy, albeit with significant autonomy granted to tribal leaders.

Monarchical Rule:

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Afghanistan experienced a period of monarchy under rulers such as Abdur Rahman Khan and his successors. Monarchical rule brought attempts at modernization and centralization of power, but it also faced resistance from tribal leaders and conservative factions.

King Amanullah Khan, who came to power in 1919, pursued ambitious reforms aimed at modernizing Afghanistan and reducing the influence of tribal leaders. However, his efforts faced significant opposition, leading to his eventual abdication in 1929.

Subsequent monarchs, including Mohammed Zahir Shah, ruled Afghanistan with varying degrees of authority, often relying on alliances with tribal leaders and balancing competing interests within the country.

Communism and Soviet Intervention:

The 1970s witnessed the rise of communist ideologies in Afghanistan, culminating in the Saur Revolution of 1978, which overthrew the monarchy and established a communist government led by the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA).

The communist regime faced immediate opposition from conservative and Islamist factions, leading to a period of internal strife and instability. In 1979, the Soviet Union intervened militarily to support the communist government, sparking the Soviet-Afghan War.

The Soviet occupation fueled resistance from various groups, including the mujahideen, who received support from the United States, Pakistan, and other countries opposed to Soviet expansionism. The war resulted in significant devastation and loss of life, contributing to the eventual collapse of the communist government in 1992.

Civil War and Rise of the Taliban:

The withdrawal of Soviet forces in 1989 plunged Afghanistan into a brutal civil war as various mujahideen factions, warlords, and ethnic groups vied for control. The power vacuum created by the collapse of the Soviet-backed regime led to chaos and instability across the country.

Amid the chaos, the Taliban emerged as a formidable force in the early 1990s, drawing support from segments of the population weary of the lawlessness and corruption of the warlord era. By 1996, the Taliban had seized control of Kabul and established the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, imposing strict Sharia law.

The Taliban regime, known for its harsh interpretation of Islamic law and repression of women and minorities, faced international isolation and condemnation. However, it also enjoyed support from Pakistan and some Arab countries, further complicating the political dynamics in the region.

Post-9/11 Era and Foreign Intervention:

The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the United States, orchestrated by al-Qaeda operatives based in Afghanistan, prompted a U.S.-led invasion of the country aimed at ousting the Taliban regime and dismantling al-Qaeda.

Operation Enduring Freedom quickly ousted the Taliban from power, but the subsequent nation-building efforts faced numerous challenges. The international community, led by the United States, embarked on a mission to rebuild Afghanistan’s institutions, promote democracy, and foster development.

However, the insurgency re-emerged, with the Taliban regrouping and launching a protracted guerrilla campaign against Afghan government forces and their international allies. Despite significant investment in military and development efforts, progress in Afghanistan remained elusive.

Contemporary Politics:

In recent years, Afghanistan has struggled with political instability, corruption, and ethnic tensions. The country’s political landscape is characterized by a fragile democratic system, with power-sharing arrangements among various ethnic and political factions.

Presidential elections have been marred by allegations of fraud and irregularities, undermining the legitimacy of the government and eroding public trust in the political process. Ethnic divisions, particularly between Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks, continue to influence political dynamics and competition for power.

The Taliban’s resurgence and the withdrawal of international forces have further complicated Afghanistan’s political landscape. The Taliban’s return to power in 2021, following the collapse of the U.S.-backed government, has raised concerns about the protection of human rights, particularly for women and minorities, and the potential for the country to once again become a haven for terrorist groups.

Conclusion:

Afghanistan’s political history is marked by a complex interplay of internal rivalries, external interventions, and attempts at nation-building. From tribal governance to monarchy, communism, and democracy, Afghanistan has experienced various political systems and transitions.

Despite efforts to establish stability and democracy, Afghanistan continues to grapple with political instability, corruption, and ethnic tensions. The recent return of the Taliban to power underscores the challenges facing the country as it seeks to navigate its future trajectory amidst uncertainty and conflict.

]]>
Wildlife in Albania https://www.ehistorylib.com/wildlife-in-albania.html Wed, 20 Mar 2024 14:41:56 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1825 Albania, a small but incredibly diverse country nestled in the heart of the Balkans, boasts a rich tapestry of wildlife and natural habitats. From the rugged mountains of the Accursed Alps to the pristine beaches of the Ionian and Adriatic Seas, Albania’s diverse landscapes provide a haven for a wide variety of plant and animal species.

Diverse Ecosystems: From Mountains to Coastlines

According to physicscat, Albania’s diverse geography encompasses a wide range of ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, and coastal areas. The country’s mountainous terrain, characterized by rugged peaks, deep valleys, and alpine meadows, provides habitat for a variety of wildlife species adapted to high altitudes, such as chamois, brown bears, wolves, and golden eagles.

The Accursed Alps, also known as the Prokletije Mountains, are a biodiversity hotspot in Albania, harboring a rich array of plant and animal species. These rugged mountains are home to rare and endangered species, including the Balkan lynx, Eurasian otter, and Alpine ibex, as well as a diverse range of alpine flora such as edelweiss, gentians, and saxifrages.

In addition to its mountainous regions, Albania is blessed with extensive forests that cover approximately one-third of its land area. The country’s forests are dominated by beech, oak, pine, and fir trees, providing habitat for a variety of mammals, birds, and reptiles. Forest-dwelling species in Albania include red deer, wild boar, European pine marten, and various species of woodpeckers, owls, and bats.

Albania’s wetlands and rivers are also important habitats for wildlife, supporting a variety of aquatic and semi-aquatic species. The country’s wetlands, including Lake Shkodra, Lake Ohrid, and the Vjosa River Delta, provide critical breeding and feeding grounds for waterfowl, waders, and migratory birds. Species such as the Dalmatian pelican, pygmy cormorant, and Eurasian spoonbill are commonly found in Albania’s wetland areas.

Along its coastline, Albania boasts a diverse array of marine and coastal habitats, including sandy beaches, rocky shores, and seagrass meadows. The country’s coastal waters are home to a variety of marine mammals, such as dolphins, seals, and loggerhead sea turtles, as well as numerous species of fish, crustaceans, and mollusks.

Iconic Wildlife Species of Albania

Albania is home to a number of iconic wildlife species that are emblematic of the country’s natural heritage. Among the most famous of these is the Balkan lynx (Lynx lynx balcanicus), a critically endangered subspecies of Eurasian lynx that is found only in the western Balkans, including Albania. The Balkan lynx is known for its elusive nature and solitary habits, making it a rare and elusive sight in the wild.

Another iconic species of Albanian wildlife is the brown bear (Ursus arctos), Europe’s largest land predator and a symbol of wilderness and conservation. Brown bears are found throughout Albania’s mountainous regions, where they roam freely in search of food, shelter, and mates. Despite their formidable size and strength, brown bears are shy and reclusive animals that generally avoid contact with humans.

Albania is also known for its diverse birdlife, with over 350 bird species recorded within its borders. One of the most impressive avian residents of Albania is the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), a majestic bird of prey that inhabits the country’s mountainous areas. With its impressive wingspan and keen eyesight, the golden eagle is a formidable hunter and a symbol of power and freedom.

In addition to its larger mammals and birds, Albania is home to a variety of smaller vertebrates, including reptiles and amphibians. The country’s reptile fauna includes species such as the Balkan green lizard, European adder, and Hermann’s tortoise, while its amphibian fauna includes species such as the fire salamander, European tree frog, and marsh frog.

Conservation Challenges and Efforts

Despite its rich biodiversity, Albania faces numerous conservation challenges, including habitat loss, poaching, illegal logging, pollution, and climate change. Rapid urbanization, agricultural expansion, and infrastructure development are putting pressure on Albania’s natural habitats, leading to fragmentation, degradation, and loss of biodiversity.

Poaching and illegal wildlife trade are also significant threats to Albania’s wildlife, particularly to iconic species such as the Balkan lynx and brown bear. Poaching for meat, skins, and body parts, as well as habitat destruction and human-wildlife conflicts, are driving declines in populations of many species and undermining conservation efforts.

In response to these challenges, Albania has taken steps to strengthen its conservation efforts and protect its natural heritage. The country has established a network of protected areas, including national parks, nature reserves, and protected landscapes, to safeguard key habitats and species. These protected areas serve as refuges for wildlife, providing safe havens where species can thrive and populations can recover.

Albania has also implemented initiatives to combat poaching and illegal wildlife trade, including strengthening law enforcement, increasing penalties for wildlife crimes, and raising awareness among local communities about the importance of conservation. International cooperation and support from organizations such as the European Union, United Nations, and non-governmental organizations have been instrumental in helping Albania address its conservation challenges and implement effective conservation strategies.

Looking ahead, Albania faces the dual challenge of balancing economic development and environmental conservation, as it seeks to achieve sustainable growth while preserving its natural heritage. By investing in green infrastructure, promoting sustainable tourism, and engaging local communities in conservation efforts, Albania can ensure that its rich wildlife and natural landscapes are protected for future generations to enjoy.

]]>
Denmark as a Nordic Country https://www.ehistorylib.com/denmark-as-a-nordic-country.html Mon, 18 Mar 2024 04:06:56 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1824 Denmark, nestled in Northern Europe, is renowned as one of the Nordic countries, along with Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Iceland. These nations share a common cultural heritage, historical ties, and geographic proximity, making them distinctive within the European landscape. In this essay, we will explore Denmark’s identity as a Nordic country, examining its history, culture, society, economy, and international relations.

1. Historical Background:

According to healthvv, Denmark’s history as a Nordic country dates back centuries, with its roots intertwined with those of its neighbors in the region. The Viking Age, spanning from the late 8th to the 11th century, saw Danish Vikings embark on seafaring expeditions, raids, and trade ventures across Europe and beyond, leaving a lasting imprint on European history.

The Kalmar Union, formed in 1397, united Denmark, Norway, and Sweden under a single monarch, marking a period of political union and cultural exchange among the Nordic nations. However, the union eventually dissolved, leading to centuries of rivalry, conflict, and shifting alliances among the Nordic countries.

2. Cultural Heritage:

Denmark’s cultural heritage reflects its Nordic roots, with influences from Viking traditions, Germanic folklore, and Scandinavian mythology. Danish literature, art, music, and cuisine showcase the country’s rich cultural legacy, with notable contributions to Nordic culture and identity.

Danish design, characterized by simplicity, functionality, and elegance, has gained international acclaim, with iconic designs in furniture, architecture, and industrial products. Danish literature, with authors such as Hans Christian Andersen and Karen Blixen, has captivated audiences worldwide, while Danish cuisine, featuring dishes like smørrebrød (open-faced sandwiches) and æbleskiver (pancake balls), showcases the country’s culinary traditions.

3. Society and Values:

Denmark is known for its high standard of living, social welfare system, and emphasis on social equality and solidarity. The Danish welfare state provides comprehensive healthcare, education, and social services to all citizens, promoting social cohesion and well-being.

Danish society values egalitarianism, democracy, and individual freedom, with a strong commitment to human rights, gender equality, and LGBTQ+ rights. Denmark consistently ranks among the happiest countries in the world, with high levels of trust, social capital, and quality of life.

4. Economy and Innovation:

Denmark’s economy is characterized by its openness, innovation, and competitiveness, with key sectors including renewable energy, technology, pharmaceuticals, and shipping. The country is a global leader in wind energy, with a strong focus on sustainability and environmental stewardship.

Danish companies such as Novo Nordisk, Maersk, and Vestas are world-renowned for their contributions to innovation, research, and development. Denmark’s business-friendly environment, skilled workforce, and robust infrastructure make it an attractive destination for foreign investment and entrepreneurship.

5. Environmental Sustainability:

Denmark is committed to environmental sustainability and green growth, with ambitious targets for reducing carbon emissions, promoting renewable energy, and mitigating climate change. The country has made significant investments in wind power, energy efficiency, and sustainable transportation, positioning itself as a global leader in clean energy innovation.

Denmark’s focus on sustainability extends beyond its borders through international cooperation, development aid, and climate diplomacy. The country plays an active role in global initiatives such as the Paris Agreement and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, demonstrating its commitment to addressing global challenges.

6. International Relations:

Denmark maintains close ties with its Nordic neighbors and plays an active role in regional cooperation through organizations such as the Nordic Council and the Nordic-Baltic Eight. The country also participates in European Union (EU) institutions and initiatives, while maintaining its own distinct national identity and sovereignty.

Denmark’s foreign policy priorities include promoting democracy, human rights, and stability in the Nordic-Baltic region and beyond. The country is a staunch supporter of multilateralism, free trade, and international cooperation, advocating for peace, security, and development on the global stage.

7. Challenges and Opportunities:

Despite its many strengths, Denmark faces challenges such as aging demographics, labor market integration, and social integration of immigrants and refugees. The country must also navigate geopolitical uncertainties, technological disruptions, and global economic shifts in an increasingly interconnected world.

However, Denmark’s Nordic values of solidarity, innovation, and resilience provide a solid foundation for addressing these challenges and seizing opportunities for sustainable growth and prosperity. By leveraging its strengths in education, innovation, and social cohesion, Denmark can continue to thrive as a Nordic country and make positive contributions to the global community.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Denmark’s identity as a Nordic country is shaped by its rich history, cultural heritage, societal values, and economic dynamism. As a member of the Nordic family, Denmark shares commonalities with its neighbors while maintaining its distinct national identity and character. With its commitment to sustainability, innovation, and social welfare, Denmark stands as a model of Nordic excellence and serves as a beacon of progress and prosperity in Northern Europe and beyond.

]]>
Geography of Elk County, Kansas https://www.ehistorylib.com/geography-of-elk-county-kansas.html Thu, 14 Mar 2024 16:11:05 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1822 Elk County, located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Kansas, is a region known for its rolling hills, expansive prairies, and abundant wildlife. Encompassing an area of approximately 650 square miles, Elk County is situated in the Flint Hills region, which is characterized by its tallgrass prairies and limestone outcrops. In this comprehensive overview, we’ll explore the geography, climate, rivers, lakes, and other significant features of Elk County. Check homethodology to learn more about the state of Kansas.

Geography:

Elk County is located in the southern part of Kansas, bordered by Greenwood County to the north, Wilson County to the east, Chautauqua County to the south, and Butler County to the west. The county is primarily rural, with vast expanses of grassland, woodlands, and agricultural land. The landscape is characterized by rolling hills, shallow valleys, and occasional limestone bluffs, typical of the Flint Hills region.

Climate:

The climate of Elk County is classified as humid subtropical, with hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters. The region experiences four distinct seasons, with temperatures varying throughout the year. The climate is influenced by its inland location, with occasional extremes in temperature and weather patterns.

Summers in Elk County are typically hot and humid, with average high temperatures in the 80s°F to 90s°F range and occasional heatwaves bringing temperatures above 100°F. Winters are cold and dry, with average low temperatures in the 20s°F to 30s°F range and occasional snowfall. Spring and fall are transitional seasons, with mild temperatures and variable weather conditions.

Rivers:

Elk County is intersected by several rivers and streams that flow through its rolling hills and prairies, providing drainage for the region’s agricultural land and habitat for wildlife. These rivers and streams also offer opportunities for recreational activities such as fishing, kayaking, and wildlife viewing. Some of the notable rivers in Elk County include:

  1. Elk River: The Elk River is the namesake river of Elk County, flowing from the northwestern part of the county to the southeastern part, where it joins the Verdigris River. The river is popular for fishing, particularly for smallmouth bass, and offers scenic views of the surrounding countryside.
  2. Verdigris River: The Verdigris River forms the southern boundary of Elk County, flowing from north to south before joining the Neosho River near the town of Coffeyville. The river is known for its clear waters and offers opportunities for fishing and boating.
  3. Fall River: Fall River is a tributary of the Verdigris River, flowing through the eastern part of Elk County before joining the main stem near the town of Neodesha. The river is popular for fishing and canoeing and provides access to Fall River Lake, a reservoir managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Lakes:

While Elk County is primarily known for its rivers and prairies, there are also several lakes and reservoirs scattered throughout the region. These lakes provide opportunities for fishing, boating, swimming, and picnicking, as well as habitat for waterfowl and other wildlife. Some of the notable lakes in Elk County include:

  1. Elk City Lake: Elk City Lake is a reservoir located in the northern part of Elk County, near the town of Elk The lake is surrounded by wooded hills and offers opportunities for fishing, boating, and camping, as well as hiking trails and scenic overlooks.
  2. Fall River Lake: Fall River Lake is a reservoir located in the eastern part of Elk County, near the town of Toronto. The lake is popular for fishing, particularly for crappie and largemouth bass, and offers camping facilities, boat ramps, and picnic areas.
  3. Cedar Vale City Lake: Cedar Vale City Lake is a small reservoir located in the southwestern part of Elk County, near the town of Cedar Vale. The lake is popular for fishing and provides a peaceful retreat for residents and visitors alike.

Natural Features:

Elk County is home to several natural features, including woodlands, prairies, and scenic overlooks, that showcase the region’s natural beauty and biodiversity. Some of the notable natural features in Elk County include:

  1. Flint Hills: The Flint Hills region extends into the northern part of Elk County, characterized by its tallgrass prairies, limestone outcrops, and rolling hills. The Flint Hills are one of the last remaining tallgrass prairie ecosystems in North America and provide habitat for a variety of plant and animal species.
  2. Chautauqua Hills: The Chautauqua Hills extend into the southern part of Elk County, featuring wooded hills and scenic vistas. The hills are popular for hiking, birdwatching, and hunting, and provide habitat for deer, turkey, and other wildlife.
  3. Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve: While not located directly within Elk County, the Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve is easily accessible from the county and offers opportunities to experience the beauty and diversity of the tallgrass prairie ecosystem. The preserve features hiking trails, interpretive exhibits, and guided tours of the prairie and historic ranch buildings.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Elk County, Kansas, is a region of diverse geography, rich history, and natural beauty. From its rolling hills and prairies to its meandering rivers and scenic lakes, the county offers a variety of landscapes and ecosystems to explore and enjoy. Whether you’re fishing along the Elk River, hiking through the Flint Hills, or camping by the shores of Elk City Lake, Elk County has something for everyone to experience and appreciate in the great outdoors.

]]>
Geography of Doniphan County, Kansas https://www.ehistorylib.com/geography-of-doniphan-county-kansas.html Thu, 14 Mar 2024 06:16:34 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1821 Doniphan County, situated in the northeastern part of the state of Kansas, is a region of picturesque landscapes, fertile farmland, and rich historical heritage. From its rolling prairies and wooded hills to its winding rivers and serene lakes, Doniphan County offers a diverse array of geographical features to explore. In this comprehensive overview, we will delve into the geography, climate, rivers, lakes, and other notable aspects of Doniphan County, Kansas. Check bittranslators to learn more about the state of Kansas.

Geography:

Location: Doniphan County is located in the northeastern corner of Kansas, bordered by the Missouri River to the east, Atchison County to the south, Brown County to the west, and the state of Nebraska to the north. It is part of the greater Kansas City metropolitan area and lies within the fertile agricultural region known as the Missouri River Valley.

Topography: The topography of Doniphan County is characterized by rolling prairies, wooded hills, and river valleys. The county is situated within the Glaciated Region of northeastern Kansas, which features a mix of gently sloping terrain and deeper valleys carved by ancient waterways.

Missouri River Valley: The Missouri River Valley forms the eastern border of Doniphan County, serving as a major transportation corridor, recreational resource, and natural boundary. The valley provides opportunities for boating, fishing, birdwatching, and other outdoor activities, as well as supporting diverse ecosystems along its banks.

Loess Hills: The western part of Doniphan County is home to the Loess Hills, a unique geological formation characterized by steep, bluffy hills and deep, fertile soils. These hills were formed by windblown deposits of fine-grained sediment known as loess, which accumulated during the last Ice Age.

Climate:

Temperate Climate: Doniphan County experiences a temperate continental climate, characterized by four distinct seasons, moderate precipitation, and occasional extremes in temperature.

Temperature: Average temperatures in Doniphan County range from 20°F to 85°F (-7°C to 29°C) throughout the year, with the coldest months occurring from December to February and the warmest months from June to August.

Precipitation: Doniphan County receives an average of 35 to 40 inches (890 to 1,015 mm) of precipitation annually, with rainfall distributed fairly evenly throughout the year. Snowfall is common in winter, with average snowfall ranging from 20 to 30 inches (510 to 760 mm) per year.

Severe Weather: Like much of the Midwest, Doniphan County is susceptible to severe weather events such as thunderstorms, tornadoes, and occasional winter storms. Severe weather can pose risks to residents and property, necessitating preparedness and safety measures.

Rivers and Lakes:

Missouri River: The Missouri River is the most significant waterway in Doniphan County, forming the eastern border of the county and serving as a vital transportation artery, recreational resource, and natural boundary. The river provides opportunities for boating, fishing, birdwatching, and other outdoor activities, as well as supporting diverse ecosystems along its banks.

Little Blue River: The Little Blue River is a tributary of the Missouri River that flows through the heart of Doniphan County. The river provides important habitat for aquatic life, as well as opportunities for fishing, paddling, and scenic beauty along its banks.

Lakes: While natural lakes are relatively scarce in Doniphan County, there are several man-made lakes and reservoirs in the region. These lakes provide opportunities for boating, fishing, and picnicking, as well as serving as important water sources for local communities.

Historic Sites and Landmarks:

Historic Towns: Doniphan County is home to several historic towns and communities, each with its own unique heritage and charm. Towns like Troy, Wathena, and White Cloud feature well-preserved historic buildings, including Victorian-era homes, pioneer cabins, and historic landmarks.

Oregon Trail: The Oregon Trail, a historic pioneer route that stretched from Missouri to Oregon in the 19th century, passed through Doniphan County. Today, remnants of the trail can still be seen in the form of wagon ruts, historic markers, and interpretive sites along the route.

Fort Leavenworth: Located just across the Missouri River from Doniphan County, Fort Leavenworth is one of the oldest and most historic military installations in the United States. Established in 1827, the fort played a key role in the westward expansion of the United States and served as a military outpost during the Civil War and Indian Wars.

Outdoor Recreation:

Hiking and Biking: Doniphan County offers numerous opportunities for outdoor recreation, including hiking, biking, and nature walks. The county is home to several parks, trails, and natural areas that provide scenic vistas, wildlife viewing, and outdoor adventures for visitors of all ages.

Water Activities: With its proximity to the Missouri River and Little Blue River, Doniphan County is an ideal destination for water-based activities such as boating, fishing, paddling, and swimming. The rivers offer miles of scenic waterways to explore, as well as opportunities for picnicking, birdwatching, and relaxation along their banks.

Hunting and Fishing: Doniphan County is a popular destination for hunting and fishing enthusiasts, with abundant wildlife and diverse ecosystems to explore. The county’s forests, wetlands, and river valleys provide excellent habitat for deer, turkey, waterfowl, and other game species, as well as opportunities for fishing in the region’s rivers, streams, and lakes.

Conclusion:

Doniphan County, Kansas, is a captivating destination that offers a unique blend of natural beauty, historical significance, and outdoor recreation opportunities. From its rolling prairies and wooded hills to its meandering rivers and serene lakes, the county provides a diverse array of landscapes and attractions to explore. Whether you’re hiking along the Oregon Trail, exploring historic towns, or fishing in the Missouri River, Doniphan County has something for everyone to discover and enjoy.

]]>
Geography of Ellsworth County, Kansas https://www.ehistorylib.com/geography-of-ellsworth-county-kansas.html Wed, 13 Mar 2024 17:31:49 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1820 Geography of Ellsworth County, Kansas

Ellsworth County, located in central Kansas, is a region characterized by its diverse geography, rich history, and vibrant communities. Spanning an area of approximately 717 square miles, the county offers a mix of rolling prairies, scenic rivers, and historic landmarks. This article will delve into the geography, climate, rivers, lakes, and other notable features that shape Ellsworth County. Check allunitconverters to learn more about the state of Kansas.

Physical Features:

  • Rolling Prairies: Much of Ellsworth County is covered by rolling prairies, typical of the Great Plains region of the United States. These vast expanses of grassland are interspersed with patches of shrubs, trees, and agricultural fields. The flat to gently rolling terrain makes the county ideal for farming and ranching activities, which have been central to the local economy for generations.
  • Smoky Hill River: The Smoky Hill River is one of the major waterways in Ellsworth County, flowing from west to east through the northern part of the county. Originating in eastern Colorado, the river travels approximately 575 miles before joining the Republican River in Junction City, Kansas. The Smoky Hill River and its tributaries provide habitat for fish, birds, and other wildlife and offer opportunities for fishing, canoeing, and wildlife viewing.
  • Kanopolis Lake: Kanopolis Lake is a man-made reservoir located in southwestern Ellsworth County, near the town of Kanopolis. The lake covers approximately 3,500 acres and offers opportunities for fishing, boating, swimming, and camping. Fish species found in Kanopolis Lake include bass, crappie, catfish, and walleye, making it a popular destination for anglers of all ages. The lake is surrounded by scenic woodlands, rocky bluffs, and sandy beaches, providing habitat for a variety of wildlife and offering recreational opportunities year-round.

Climate:

Ellsworth County experiences a humid continental climate, characterized by hot summers, cold winters, and moderate precipitation throughout the year.

  • Summer: Summers in Ellsworth County are typically hot and humid, with daytime temperatures often exceeding 90°F (32°C). Heatwaves are common during the summer months, with temperatures occasionally reaching triple digits. Thunderstorms are frequent, bringing heavy rain, lightning, and gusty winds to the region. Despite the heat, summer is a busy time for outdoor activities such as camping, hiking, and fishing.
  • Fall: Fall in Ellsworth County is characterized by mild temperatures, cooler evenings, and colorful foliage. Daytime temperatures gradually cool, with highs ranging from the 60s to the 70s°F (15-25°C). Fall is a popular time for outdoor recreation such as hiking, birdwatching, and hunting, as well as festivals and events celebrating the harvest season.
  • Winter: Winters in Ellsworth County are cold and snowy, with daytime temperatures typically ranging from the 20s to the 30s°F (-6 to -1°C). Snowfall is common, particularly in December and January, with the county receiving an average of 20-30 inches of snow annually. Cold fronts from the north can bring frigid temperatures and blustery winds, creating hazardous conditions. Winter activities such as sledding, ice fishing, and cross-country skiing are popular in the county’s parks and recreational areas.
  • Spring: Spring in Ellsworth County is a transitional season marked by warming temperatures, melting snow, and blooming flowers. Daytime temperatures gradually rise, with highs ranging from the 50s to the 60s°F (10-20°C). Spring is a time of renewal and growth, with farmers preparing fields, wildlife emerging from hibernation, and migratory birds returning to the region. Outdoor activities such as gardening, birdwatching, and nature walks are popular as the county comes alive with new life.

Rivers and Lakes:

  • Smoky Hill River: As mentioned earlier, the Smoky Hill River is a prominent waterway in Ellsworth County, flowing from west to east through the northern part of the county. The river provides habitat for fish, birds, and other wildlife and offers opportunities for fishing, boating, and wildlife viewing. Several access points along the river allow for recreational activities such as picnicking, hiking, and camping.
  • Kanopolis Lake: Kanopolis Lake is the largest body of water in Ellsworth County, covering approximately 3,500 acres. The lake offers a wide range of recreational activities, including fishing, boating, swimming, and camping. Several campgrounds, picnic areas, and hiking trails are available around the lake, providing opportunities for outdoor recreation and relaxation. The lake is also home to the Kanopolis State Park, which offers cabins, yurts, and RV sites for overnight stays.

Human Impact:

  • Agriculture: Agriculture is the primary industry in Ellsworth County, with the majority of the land devoted to farming and ranching activities. The county’s fertile soil, moderate climate, and ample water supply make it ideal for growing a variety of crops, including wheat, corn, soybeans, and sorghum. Livestock farming, including cattle, hogs, and poultry, is also prevalent in the county. Agriculture provides jobs, income, and revenue for the county, supporting businesses, families, and communities.
  • Tourism: Tourism is a growing industry in Ellsworth County, driven by its natural beauty, outdoor recreational opportunities, and historic landmarks. Visitors come from across the region and beyond to explore the county’s scenic landscapes, including its rivers, lakes, and woodlands. Outdoor activities such as fishing, boating, hiking, and camping are popular in the county’s parks, recreation areas, and wildlife refuges. Additionally, the county is home to several historic sites, museums, and cultural events that showcase its rich history and heritage.
  • Conservation: Conservation efforts are underway in Ellsworth County to protect and preserve its natural resources for future generations. Organizations such as the Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks, and Tourism, the Nature Conservancy, and local conservation groups work to conserve open space, protect wildlife habitat, and promote sustainable land use practices. Efforts are also underway to address environmental issues such as soil erosion, water pollution, and habitat fragmentation, with initiatives to restore wetlands, improve water quality, and enhance wildlife corridors.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Ellsworth County, Kansas, offers a diverse mix of natural landscapes, outdoor recreational opportunities, and vibrant communities. From its rolling prairies and scenic rivers to its lakes and woodlands, the county boasts a rich tapestry of geography, climate, and culture. While facing challenges such as urbanization, environmental conservation, and economic development, Ellsworth County remains a resilient and vibrant community with a deep connection to its land and heritage. Through collaboration, innovation, and sustainable practices, the county continues to balance economic growth with the protection of its natural resources, ensuring a prosperous future for generations to come.

]]>
Geography of Lincoln County, Wyoming https://www.ehistorylib.com/geography-of-lincoln-county-wyoming.html Mon, 11 Mar 2024 16:31:15 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1818 Lincoln County, located in western Wyoming, is characterized by its diverse geography, including mountain ranges, valleys, and the Snake River. Understanding the geography, climate, rivers, lakes, and other features of Lincoln County provides insight into the unique environmental characteristics that define this part of the Rocky Mountain region.

Geography: Lincoln County spans approximately 4,089 square miles, making it one of the larger counties in Wyoming. It is situated in the western part of the state and is known for its varied topography. Check anycountyprivateschools to learn more about the state of Wyoming.

Topography: The topography of Lincoln County is defined by the Wyoming Range to the east and the Salt River Range to the west. These mountain ranges contribute to the county’s rugged landscapes, with high peaks and deep valleys.

Climate: Lincoln County experiences a semi-arid climate with cold winters and warm summers, typical of the Rocky Mountain region.

Summers: Summers in Lincoln County are relatively short but pleasant, with daytime temperatures ranging from the 70s to 80s Fahrenheit (21 to 27 degrees Celsius). The region experiences low humidity during this season.

Winters: Winters are cold, with daytime temperatures often below freezing. Snowfall is common, especially in the higher elevations, contributing to winter recreational activities.

Rivers and Waterways: Lincoln County is intersected by rivers and waterways that play a vital role in its geography and provide resources for both residents and wildlife.

Snake River: The Snake River, one of the major rivers in the western United States, flows through Lincoln County. It is a critical watercourse for the region, supporting agriculture, recreation, and providing habitat for diverse wildlife.

Salt River: The Salt River, a tributary of the Snake River, also runs through Lincoln County. It contributes to the county’s hydrology and is valued for its scenic beauty.

Lakes and Reservoirs: While Lincoln County doesn’t have large natural lakes, there are reservoirs and smaller water bodies that enhance its landscape.

Star Valley Reservoir: Star Valley Reservoir, located in the southern part of the county, is a man-made reservoir formed by a dam on the Salt River. It provides water storage and opportunities for fishing and boating.

Mountain Ranges: Lincoln County is home to several mountain ranges, contributing to its scenic beauty and offering recreational opportunities.

Wyoming Range: The Wyoming Range, extending from the Salt River Range, is known for its alpine scenery, including high peaks and dense forests. It provides a habitat for diverse flora and fauna and attracts outdoor enthusiasts for hiking and camping.

National Forests and Wilderness Areas: Public lands, including national forests and wilderness areas, are integral to Lincoln County’s geography, offering outdoor recreation and preserving natural habitats.

Bridger-Teton National Forest: A significant portion of Lincoln County is encompassed by the Bridger-Teton National Forest. This forest provides opportunities for hiking, camping, fishing, and wildlife observation.

Valleys and Agricultural Areas: Valleys in Lincoln County, such as Star Valley, contribute to the county’s agricultural productivity and serve as picturesque landscapes.

Star Valley: Star Valley, located in the western part of the county, is known for its fertile soils and agricultural activities. The valley is surrounded by mountains, creating a scenic and productive agricultural setting.

Small Towns and Communities: Lincoln County includes small towns and communities that contribute to its local culture and serve as hubs for residents.

Afton: Afton, the county seat of Lincoln County, is a central town with historical significance. It reflects the county’s rural character and provides essential services to residents.

Transportation: Lincoln County has a network of roads and highways that facilitate local transportation and connect the region to neighboring areas.

U.S. Highway 89: U.S. Highway 89 traverses Lincoln County, providing a transportation link for residents and facilitating the movement of goods and services.

Outdoor Recreation: Lincoln County offers a wide range of outdoor recreation opportunities, attracting residents and visitors to explore its mountainous landscapes.

Winter Sports: The mountainous terrain in Lincoln County makes it an ideal destination for winter sports, including skiing, snowmobiling, and snowshoeing.

Fishing and Hunting: The Snake River and other water bodies in the county provide opportunities for fishing, while the diverse landscapes support various game species, attracting hunters during the appropriate seasons.

Community Events and Festivals: Community events and festivals contribute to the social fabric of Lincoln County, allowing residents to come together and celebrate their rural heritage.

Lincoln County Fair: The Lincoln County Fair is an annual event that showcases the county’s agricultural traditions. It includes livestock shows, rodeo events, entertainment, and community activities, providing a platform for residents to celebrate their way of life.

Education: Lincoln County is home to educational institutions that contribute to the community’s intellectual and cultural life.

Lincoln County School District: The Lincoln County School District serves students in the area, providing education and contributing to the county’s educational landscape.

Cultural and Historical Heritage: Lincoln County has a cultural and historical heritage, with sites that reflect its past and the traditions of the region.

Intermittent Springs: Intermittent Springs, near Afton, is a natural attraction where water flows and stops at regular intervals. It is a unique geological feature and a popular spot for visitors.

Conclusion: In conclusion, Lincoln County, Wyoming, is a region defined by its mountainous landscapes, diverse topography, and the presence of the Snake River. The Wyoming Range, Bridger-Teton National Forest, and agricultural valleys contribute to the county’s distinct environmental characteristics.

The semi-arid climate, with cold winters and warm summers, shapes life in Lincoln County and influences both agricultural practices and outdoor activities. Small towns like Afton contribute to the county’s rural character, serving as centers of community life and commerce.

As residents and visitors explore Lincoln County, they have the opportunity to experience the beauty of the Snake River, engage in outdoor recreational activities, and participate in community events that celebrate the county’s agricultural heritage. Lincoln County’s natural landscapes, mountainous terrain, and community engagement make it a unique and inviting part of western Wyoming.

]]>
Landmarks in Tunisia https://www.ehistorylib.com/landmarks-in-tunisia.html Sun, 10 Mar 2024 02:03:04 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1815 Tunisia, a North African gem, is a country that seamlessly blends history, culture, and natural beauty. From ancient ruins and architectural wonders to vibrant markets and coastal landscapes, Tunisia’s landmarks provide a fascinating glimpse into its rich heritage. In this exploration, we will delve into some of the most significant landmarks in Tunisia, each contributing to the nation’s tapestry of history and identity.

Carthage – Ancient Marvels

Carthage Ruins

Carthage, an ancient city-state founded by the Phoenicians, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that preserves the remnants of a once-mighty civilization. The Carthage Ruins include the Antonine Baths, the Byrsa Hill archaeological site, and the Punic Ports. Visitors can explore the historic amphitheater, the Roman villas, and the Carthaginian and Roman necropolises, gaining insights into the city’s diverse history.

Byrsa Hill

Byrsa Hill, the ancient acropolis of Carthage, holds historical significance as the core of Carthaginian and Roman governance. The site features the Carthage National Museum, where artifacts from different periods, including the Punic and Roman eras, are on display. Byrsa Hill offers panoramic views of the surrounding area, providing a unique perspective on Carthage’s strategic location.

Tunis – The Capital City

Medina of Tunis

The Medina of Tunis, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the historic heart of the capital city. Its labyrinthine alleyways are lined with traditional houses, mosques, and souks. The Zitouna Mosque, dating back to the 9th century, and the historic Dar Ben Abdallah mansion are among the notable landmarks within the medina. The medina is a vibrant hub where locals and visitors alike can experience Tunisian culture and craftsmanship.

Bardo National Museum

The Bardo National Museum, housed in a former palace, is renowned for its exceptional collection of ancient mosaics. The museum provides a comprehensive overview of Tunisia’s history, with artifacts spanning from the Phoenician and Roman periods to the Islamic era. One of its highlights is the display of mosaics from the ancient city of Carthage, showcasing the artistic achievements of antiquity.

Sidi Bou Said – Coastal Charm

Sidi Bou Said

Sidi Bou Said, a picturesque coastal town, is known for its blue and white architecture and stunning views of the Mediterranean Sea. The town is named after a 13th-century Sufi saint, and its narrow streets are adorned with bougainvillea-covered houses. The iconic Café des Nattes, with its blue-and-white-striped awnings, and the Dar el Annabi mansion are key landmarks in Sidi Bou Said.

Dougga – Roman Splendor

Dougga

Dougga, another UNESCO World Heritage Site, is an exceptionally well-preserved Roman city nestled in the hills of northern Tunisia. The archaeological site features ancient theaters, temples, and a mausoleum, offering a glimpse into Roman urban planning and architecture. The Capitol, a temple dedicated to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, stands as one of the best-preserved Roman temples in North Africa.

Kairouan – Islamic Heritage

Great Mosque of Kairouan

The Great Mosque of Kairouan, also known as the Mosque of Uqba, is considered one of the most important mosques in the Islamic world. Founded in the 7th century, it boasts an impressive courtyard, prayer hall, and minaret. The mosque’s architectural elements, including horseshoe arches and decorative motifs, reflect the transition from Roman to Islamic aesthetics.

Medina of Kairouan

The Medina of Kairouan is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, known for its narrow alleys, historic gates, and traditional markets. The medina is a vibrant center of commerce and culture, featuring artisan workshops and religious structures. The Aghlabid Basins, an ancient water reservoir system, are among the medina’s historic landmarks.

Matmata – Troglodyte Dwellings

Matmata

Matmata is famous for its troglodyte dwellings, traditional underground houses carved into the soft rock. These unique homes provide insulation from the desert heat and are a testament to the ingenuity of the Berber people. Matmata gained international recognition as a filming location for the Star Wars franchise, adding to its allure.

El Djem – Roman Amphitheater

Amphitheatre of El Djem

The Amphitheatre of El Djem, often referred to as the Colosseum of North Africa, is one of the largest Roman amphitheaters in the world. Built in the 3rd century, it could accommodate up to 35,000 spectators. The well-preserved structure showcases the grandeur of Roman engineering and architecture. Today, it hosts cultural events and is a prominent landmark in Tunisia.

Tozeur – Oasis Tranquility

Oasis of Tozeur

The Oasis of Tozeur, located in the arid landscapes of southern Tunisia, is a lush haven surrounded by date palms and fruit trees. The oasis is sustained by a complex system of underground canals known as qanats. Tozeur’s traditional architecture, including distinctive brickwork and ornate doorways, adds to the oasis’s charm.

Chott el Jerid – Salt Flat Splendor

Chott el Jerid

Chott el Jerid is a vast salt flat, one of the largest in the world, located in the Tunisian desert. The expansive white landscape is punctuated by mirages and salt formations, creating a surreal atmosphere. Visitors can experience the unique beauty of Chott el Jerid while crossing the desert, especially during sunrise and sunset.

Hammamet – Coastal Retreat

Medina of Hammamet

The Medina of Hammamet, situated along the coast, is a charming old town with narrow streets, whitewashed houses, and vibrant markets. The historic Kasbah of Hammamet overlooks the Mediterranean, providing panoramic views of the sea. The medina is a cultural hub where traditional crafts, such as pottery and weaving, thrive.

Gabès – Sea and Desert Confluence

Oasis of Gabès

The Oasis of Gabès, located at the confluence of the sea and the desert, is a fertile area known for its palm groves and traditional agriculture. The oasis is sustained by the underground flow of the Medjerda River. Visitors can explore the lush landscapes, discover ancient irrigation systems, and experience the unique blend of coastal and desert environments.

Kerkouane – Punic Port City

Archaeological Site of Kerkouane

According to baglib, The Archaeological Site of Kerkouane is an ancient Punic port city that provides valuable insights into Carthaginian urban planning. The well-preserved remains include houses, streets, and public buildings, offering a glimpse into daily life during the Punic period. Kerkouane’s status as a UNESCO World Heritage Site underscores its archaeological significance.

Djerba – Island of Dreams

El Ghriba Synagogue

Djerba, a picturesque island, is home to the El Ghriba Synagogue, one of the oldest Jewish synagogues in the world. The synagogue’s history dates back over 2,500 years, and its architecture reflects a blend of Jewish, Islamic, and North African influences. The annual Jewish pilgrimage to El Ghriba is a testament to the island’s cultural diversity.

Conclusion

Tunisia’s landmarks offer a captivating journey through millennia of history, cultural diversity, and natural wonders. From the ancient ruins of Carthage to the vibrant medinas of Tunis and Kairouan, each landmark contributes to the country’s unique identity.

The preservation of ancient sites, such as Dougga and El Djem, showcases Tunisia’s commitment to safeguarding its historical heritage. The troglodyte dwellings of Matmata and the oasis of Tozeur reflect the ingenious adaptation of traditional architecture to the harsh desert environment.

As Tunisia continues to embrace its past while welcoming the future, these landmarks stand as testaments to the resilience and creativity of a nation at the crossroads of civilizations. Whether exploring the Roman amphitheaters, wandering through the medinas, or marveling at the salt flats, visitors to Tunisia are immersed in a rich tapestry of experiences that celebrate the nation’s cultural richness and historical legacy.

]]>
Geography of Chautauqua County, New York https://www.ehistorylib.com/geography-of-chautauqua-county-new-york.html Tue, 05 Mar 2024 06:42:45 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1814 Chautauqua County, located in western New York, is a diverse region characterized by its scenic landscapes, freshwater resources, and a blend of rural and recreational environments. The county’s geography, including its climate, water features, landforms, and cultural attractions, contributes to its unique identity. Understanding the geography of Chautauqua County involves exploring these elements that shape the region.

Geography:

Topography and Landforms: According to Ethnicityology, Chautauqua County features a varied topography that includes rolling hills, valleys, and the presence of the Allegheny Plateau. The county is part of the larger Appalachian Highlands, contributing to its diverse landscapes. Lake Erie, one of the Great Lakes, forms the county’s northern border, influencing its climate and providing access to freshwater resources.

The county’s terrain is shaped by glacial activity, resulting in numerous lakes, valleys, and a mix of forested and agricultural lands.

Climate:

Chautauqua County experiences a humid continental climate with distinct seasons. The climate is influenced by its proximity to Lake Erie, which moderates temperatures and contributes to snowfall in the winter. The county’s location in western New York also exposes it to weather patterns originating from the Great Lakes.

Summer temperatures typically range from the 60s to 80s Fahrenheit, while winter temperatures can drop below freezing, with average snowfall due to lake-effect snow. The climate supports a variety of outdoor activities throughout the year.

Rivers and Waterways: Chautauqua County is traversed by several rivers and waterways, contributing to its hydrology and natural beauty. The Allegheny River, flowing from south to north, is a significant watercourse that defines part of the county’s eastern border. The river is known for its scenic landscapes, offering opportunities for boating, fishing, and recreational activities.

Other smaller rivers and creeks, such as Cassadaga Creek and Canadaway Creek, meander through the county, adding to its water resources and providing habitats for aquatic life.

Lakes and Reservoirs: Chautauqua County is home to numerous lakes, both natural and artificial, enhancing its recreational appeal. Chautauqua Lake, the largest inland lake in western New York, is a prominent feature. The lake is a popular destination for boating, fishing, and water sports, surrounded by parks and waterfront communities.

Other notable lakes include Findley Lake, Cassadaga Lake, and Bear Lake, each contributing to the county’s diverse water-based recreational opportunities. These lakes serve as focal points for outdoor activities and contribute to the county’s tourism industry.

Flora and Fauna:

The county’s diverse landscapes support a rich variety of flora and fauna. Forested areas, including hardwoods and conifers, provide habitat for wildlife such as white-tailed deer, squirrels, and various bird species. Wetlands and riparian zones along rivers and lakes support aquatic life, including fish, amphibians, and waterfowl.

Chautauqua County’s commitment to conservation and environmental stewardship helps preserve natural habitats and biodiversity, contributing to the county’s ecological health.

Agriculture:

Agriculture is an essential component of Chautauqua County’s economy and geography. Fertile valleys and plains support a range of crops, including fruits, vegetables, and grains. Vineyards and orchards thrive in the favorable climate, contributing to the county’s agricultural diversity.

Dairy farming is also significant, with numerous farms producing milk and other dairy products. The county’s agricultural landscape adds to its rural character and provides residents with access to locally grown produce.

Urban and Rural Environments:

Chautauqua County exhibits a mix of urban and rural environments. The city of Jamestown, located in the southern part of the county, is the largest urban center. Jamestown serves as an economic hub, featuring a mix of industries, cultural institutions, and recreational amenities.

The northern part of the county is characterized by smaller towns, villages, and rural communities. The balance between urban and rural areas contributes to the county’s overall character, offering residents a variety of lifestyles and opportunities.

Cultural and Recreational Sites:

Chautauqua County is known for its cultural and recreational attractions. Chautauqua Institution, situated on the shores of Chautauqua Lake, is a historic center for education, the arts, and cultural enrichment. The institution hosts lectures, performances, and events, drawing visitors from across the region.

The National Comedy Center in Jamestown celebrates the art of comedy and honors comedians who have made significant contributions to the genre. The Lucille Ball Desi Arnaz Museum pays homage to the iconic comedians Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz, both of whom had ties to Jamestown.

Outdoor recreational opportunities abound, with the county’s parks, trails, and water bodies providing spaces for hiking, birdwatching, and water-based activities.

Tourism and Lakeside Communities:

Chautauqua County’s lakes and natural beauty contribute to its tourism industry. Lakeside communities such as Bemus Point and Mayville attract visitors seeking waterfront experiences, with marinas, restaurants, and events enhancing the lakeside lifestyle. The Chautauqua Wine Trail showcases the region’s vineyards and wineries, adding to the tourism appeal.

During the summer months, tourism is particularly vibrant, with visitors enjoying the lakes, cultural events, and outdoor festivities.

Transportation and Connectivity:

Chautauqua County is well-connected by a network of highways, including Interstate 86 and New York State Routes. These roadways facilitate travel within the county and connect it to neighboring regions. The Chautauqua County-Jamestown Airport provides air transportation services for the region.

The county’s transportation infrastructure supports economic activities, tourism, and the movement of goods and services.

Conclusion:

Chautauqua County, New York, with its diverse landscapes, lakes, and cultural attractions, stands as a region shaped by its natural resources and cultural heritage. Chautauqua Lake, the Allegheny River, and the county’s commitment to culture and conservation contribute to its identity, offering a mix of recreational opportunities, agricultural richness, and vibrant communities. As residents and visitors explore the landscapes, engage in cultural experiences, and enjoy the lakeside lifestyle, they become part of the dynamic tapestry that defines the unique geography and heritage of Chautauqua County.

]]>
Geography of Bartholomew County, Indiana https://www.ehistorylib.com/geography-of-bartholomew-county-indiana.html Mon, 04 Mar 2024 04:16:33 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1812 Geography of Bartholomew County, Indiana

Bartholomew County, located in the southeastern part of Indiana, is a region of diverse landscapes, fertile farmland, and scenic waterways. Encompassing approximately 409 square miles, the county is known for its rolling hills, lush forests, meandering rivers, and picturesque lakes. In this comprehensive exploration, we delve into the intricate details of Bartholomew County’s geography, including its climate, rivers, lakes, and notable landmarks.

Geographical Features:

According to estatelearning, Bartholomew County’s landscape is characterized by its gently rolling terrain, which is primarily comprised of fertile plains and agricultural fields. The county is situated within the Eastern Corn Belt Plains region of Indiana, which is known for its rich soil and productive farmland.

The terrain is interspersed with wooded areas, small streams, and wetlands, which provide habitat for diverse wildlife and contribute to the region’s natural beauty. The county’s topography is relatively flat, with elevations ranging from around 600 to 900 feet above sea level.

Climate:

Bartholomew County experiences a humid continental climate, with four distinct seasons characterized by hot, humid summers and cold, snowy winters. The region’s climate is influenced by its location in the interior of the North American continent, which results in significant temperature variations and precipitation patterns throughout the year.

Summer temperatures in Bartholomew County can be warm, with highs averaging in the 80s°F (27-32°C), while winter temperatures are cold, with highs averaging in the 30s°F (0-5°C) and lows often dropping below freezing. The county receives the majority of its precipitation during the spring and summer months, with occasional thunderstorms bringing heavy rainfall to the region.

Rivers and Waterways:

Bartholomew County is intersected by several rivers and waterways that flow through its scenic landscapes, providing vital habitats for wildlife and offering opportunities for fishing, boating, and recreational activities. The Driftwood River, one of the county’s major waterways, meanders through the western part of the region, providing access to the White River and the surrounding wetlands.

In addition to the Driftwood River, Bartholomew County is home to several other notable rivers and streams, including the Flat Rock River, the Haw Creek, and Clifty Creek. These waterways not only support local ecosystems but also play a vital role in agriculture, recreation, and the region’s economy.

Lakes and Reservoirs:

While Bartholomew County is not known for its natural lakes, it is home to several man-made reservoirs and ponds that provide recreational opportunities for residents and visitors alike. Griffy Lake, located near Columbus, is a popular destination for fishing, boating, and picnicking, with its tranquil waters and scenic surroundings attracting outdoor enthusiasts from across the region.

In addition to Griffy Lake, Bartholomew County is dotted with smaller lakes and ponds, including Anderson Falls Lake and the Johnson County Park Lake. These water bodies offer serene settings for wildlife viewing, birdwatching, and leisurely strolls along their shores, allowing visitors to immerse themselves in the county’s natural beauty.

Notable Landmarks:

Beyond its natural features, Bartholomew County boasts several notable landmarks and attractions that showcase its rich history and cultural heritage. The city of Columbus, the county seat, is renowned for its modern architecture and public art installations, including the Miller House and Garden, a National Historic Landmark designed by architect Eero Saarinen.

Another iconic landmark in Bartholomew County is the Edinburgh Premium Outlets, a shopping destination located in the town of Edinburgh. The outlet mall offers a wide range of designer and brand-name stores, as well as dining options and entertainment venues, providing residents and visitors with opportunities to shop, dine, and socialize.

In conclusion, Bartholomew County, Indiana, offers a captivating blend of natural beauty, agricultural heritage, and modern amenities. From its fertile plains and scenic waterways to its historic communities and cultural landmarks, the county’s geography reflects the timeless allure of the American heartland. Whether exploring its picturesque landscapes, shopping in its vibrant downtowns, or simply enjoying the warmth and hospitality of its residents, Bartholomew County invites visitors to experience the quintessential charm of rural Indiana.

]]>
Mavrovo, Macedonia https://www.ehistorylib.com/mavrovo-macedonia.html Fri, 10 Feb 2023 07:23:48 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1476 Fabulous, lost in the mountains and utterly picturesque Macedonia is completely unfamiliar to our skiers. Preferring to ride in the good old Alps or on other spurs of the Balkan Mountains, tourists from Russia somehow do not even think that the Macedonian slopes can give them a completely new joy of skiing. Firstly, in a congenial Orthodox state, whose population speaks a language that is intuitively understandable to all Slavs. Secondly, prices in Macedonia are not just low, but indecently low, especially compared to some Swiss resort. And, finally, what may concern the masters of skiing, but we will please them now: the slopes of this friendly country are in no way inferior in quality, and in many ways even surpass their Balkan “brothers”.

So, Mavrovo is a famous ski resort in Macedonia, located about 70 km from the capital Skopje at the foot of Mount Bistra. This, by the way, is also one of the most beautiful places in the country, because Mavrovo is located in the national park of the same name next to the purest Lake Mavrovo.

Local trails start at an altitude of 1860 m and end at about 1255 m. The skiing season lasts from November to April. See citypopulationreview.com for weather information.

By the way, you can relax here not only in winter – in summer in Mavrovo, the doors of hotels are no less (or even more) picturesque, friendly, and trout freshly caught from the lake are waiting for their guests in restaurants.

How to get there

From Mavrovo it is easy to get to both Skopje airport (about 80 km) and Ohrid airport (about 55 km), in both cases buses run. In addition, you can also get there by train – the nearest station is Taomishte, located just 10 km from the resort.

Tracks

There are 18 marked trails in Mavropo, which are processed by snowcats and snow cannons, and generally monitored for suitability and quality of skiing. There are three yellow pistes for beginners, 5 green pistes, 6 blue pistes and 4 black pistes for aces. You can get to all this beauty with the help of 3 “armchairs” and 11 rope tows. I must say, the capacity of Mavrovo is impressive – more than 11 thousand people per hour.

By the way, the slopes with chair lifts are also equipped with artificial lighting, so you can ride there even after dark, that is, from about 7 pm. All the fun ends at midnight, so that even rabid skiers can catch a little bit of the cozy and a bit rustic local après-ski.

The slopes with chair lifts in Mavrovo are equipped with artificial lighting, so you can ride there even after dark, that is, from about 7 pm.

The resort also has a ski center with equipment rental, instructors (including Russian speakers) and a full-fledged children’s school. Fans of cross-country skiing will not be bored either: they are waiting for cross-country tracks.

The cost of a ski pass in Mavrovo is very, very moderate (adult / child under 12): for 1 day 17.8 / 13 EUR; 3 days 50 / 35 EUR; 7 days – 100 / 70 EUR.

Hotels

In Mavrovo, you can stay both in cozy boarding houses and apartments that are kept by smiling Macedonians, and in quality hotels, there is even a worthy “four” – Hotel Alpina. Other popular hotels are Makpetrol 3*, Bistra, Lorge or Sport Hotel. All of them are located directly on the slopes of the mountains, next to the ski lifts, so skiing in Mavrovo starts almost “on the threshold”.

As an après-ski there is a disco, a small casino, restaurants and cozy taverns, as well as evening skiing, of course.

Entertainment and attractions Mavrovo

The main attraction of Mavrovo is, of course, the mountains. But if you want to take a break from boards, skis and sticks, you should definitely visit the bright, quiet monastery of the monastery of St. Jovan Bigorsky, which rises on the slope of Bistra, 24 km from the resort. The local iconostasis, decorated with deep carvings, is a pearl of religious art.

Just 45-50 km from Mavrovo is Ohrid – “Balkan Jerusalem”. The ancient city, located on the shores of the lake of the same name, is famous for its amazing ancient temples. In particular, it is worth seeing the 11th century St. Sophia Basilica and the 13th century St. Clement Church, which preserved Byzantine frescoes of rare beauty. In one of Ohrid’s monasteries, St. Cyril and Methodius worked on the creation of our Slavic alphabet – Cyrillic.

National park

Finally, it would be unforgivable not to mention the national park of the same name with the resort Mavrovo. This is one of the largest reserves in Macedonia, where about 600 endemic, endangered or rare plant species grow.

The fauna of the park is also diverse: 140 species of birds (including the proud peregrine falcon, the gloomy imperial eagle and the swift golden eagle), 11 species of amphibians, 12 species of reptiles and 38 species of mammals (of course, the bear, the beautiful lynx, the swift-footed chamois and the graceful forest cat). It is best to walk around the Mavrovo nature reserve in the summer and in the company of a guide, otherwise you will get lost at uneven hours – the places here are amazingly beautiful, but wild.

Mavrovo, Macedonia

]]>
How to Get to Dominican Republic https://www.ehistorylib.com/how-to-get-to-dominican-republic.html Fri, 03 Feb 2023 07:40:57 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1473 There are several airports in the Dominican Republic that accept international flights. Two of them – Las Americas and La Isabella – are located in Santo Domingo. Most planes land at first. From Moscow you can fly here with transfers. The cheapest tickets are from Aeroflot and Jet Blue, departing from Sheremetyevo and connecting in New York, travel time is 27 hours and 30 minutes. The fastest flights are offered by Aeroflot and Air Europe: 18 hours 30 minutes with a change in Madrid. Air France and Air Carribes fly from St. Petersburg to Santo Domingo with a transfer in Paris in 35 hours. Cheaper – with two connections: Aeroflot and Jet Blue will be taken via Moscow and New York (30 hours). According to petwithsupplies, Punta Cana is one of the largest cities in Dominican Republic.

Fans of beach holidays often fly not to the capital, but directly to the resorts. For example, Punta Cana airport has direct flights from Moscow: Rossiya (departure from Vnukovo, 11 hours 30 minutes) and Azur Air (Domodedovo, 13 hours 10 minutes). It is more profitable with a transfer: at Aeroflot and Jet Airways (25 hours 20 minutes via Brussels), at Air Berlin and Es Seven (transfer in Düsseldorf, 30 hours 35 minutes). Air France will take you from St. Petersburg to Punta Cana: travel time – 31 hours 30 minutes, connecting in Paris.

There is also an international airport in La Romana, but getting here is long and tiring. From Moscow – with two transfers: with Turkish Airlines and Jet Blue, the flight via Istanbul and New York lasts about two days. With St. Petersburg, the situation is similar: the same tandem of carriers carries through the same cities, 52 hours of travel.

Another option for vacationers is a flight to Puerto Plata. From Moscow you can get here with Air Berlin and Es Seven (32 hours, connecting in Düsseldorf), from St. Petersburg – with Air Berlin and Rossiya (36 hours, connecting there). Aeroflot and Jet Blue fly to the province of Santiago (to the city with the beautiful name of Santiago de los Trainta Caballeros): tickets from the Northern capital – 22 hours via Moscow and New York, from Moscow – 32 hours via New York.

Find cheap flights to the Dominican Republic

Transport

The most popular means of transportation in the Dominican Republic is the bus. Transportation of the companies Metro Bus (off. site in Spanish) and Caribe Tours (off. site in Spanish) runs between major cities and tourist areas: new, comfortable, air-conditioned. A trip from Santo Domingo to Puerto Plata will cost 452 DOP, from Santiago to Sosua – 236 DOP.

Less comfortable buses of small private companies and guaguas minibuses are also common in the country. The latter move along well-established routes, stopping on demand. The average fare between cities is up to 100 DOP, within the same locality – 30 DOP.

Guaguas are often so crowded that passengers ride right on the running boards, clinging to whatever comes to hand.

Public transport within cities

Collective minibuses “carro publicos” and motorcycle taxis “moto concho” are popular among both locals and tourists. There are no counters, the price of the trip is fixed, it makes no sense to bargain with the drivers. Riding a “moto-concho” is cheap (100-250 DOP), but quite extreme: up to 3-4 passengers can be put on one motorcycle, there are no helmets, and you can burn your legs on the exhaust pipe.

Classic taxis are also available: parking lots are located near major hotels and attractions. You can recognize them by a special sign on the roof or a sticker on the windshield. The average cost of a trip around the city is from 350 DOP, a transfer from the airport to the center of Santo Domingo is from 2000 DOP.

In a taxi, you can pay with American dollars, the main thing is to have small bills with you so that the driver does not refer to the lack of change.

There is a subway in Santo Domingo: there is only one line connecting Winston Churchill and Mirabal Sisters avenues. The journey from terminus to terminus takes 20 minutes and costs 35 DOP.

Rent a Car

It is convenient to travel around the cities and resorts of the Dominican Republic in a rented car, but only if the driver is ready to drive “with adventures”. The main adventure will be the manners of local reckless drivers: they follow the traffic rules according to their mood, they press the horn more often than the brake, and they can signal the upcoming turn with a wave of their hand, and that’s good. Motorcyclists like to turn around in the oncoming lane, the pedestrian is always right on the road. At the same time, the police are most often on the side of “their own” and are happy to issue fines to negligent tourists. If all this does not scare you, and at the same time you are over 25 years old, prepare a passport, an international driver’s license (valid for at least another 90 days) and a credit card. Insurance is mandatory (1100 DOP per day).

During the tourist season, it is better to book a car in advance, so as not to choose later between the most expensive and shabby copies left in stock.

Most international distributors have offices in the Dominican Republic: Avis, Hertz, Budget, Sixt. Prices are about the same in Santo Domingo and Punta Cana: renting a mini car will cost 2600 DOP, a standard model – 2800-3000 DOP, an SUV – 4500 DOP per day.

Speed ​​limits in cities are 25-60 km/h. The most frequent sanctions are for not wearing seat belts and talking on a mobile phone without a headset. You can’t drink while driving, but law enforcement officers often turn a blind eye to this rule. Fines don’t “bite”: it is unlikely that you will have to fork out more than 2500 DOP. There are no problems with parking, you just need to pay attention to prohibitory signs and markings. For safety reasons, it is better to leave the car in paid parking lots or under the supervision of helpful local residents for a modest “tip”. There are a lot of gas stations in the cities, less on the highways. The average cost of gasoline is 55-60 DOP per 1 liter.

How to Get to Dominican Republic

]]>
How to Get to the Seychelles https://www.ehistorylib.com/how-to-get-to-the-seychelles.html Fri, 30 Dec 2022 03:22:33 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1470 There are several airports in the Seychelles, but only Pointe Larue, located near Victoria on the island of Mahe, accepts international flights. From Moscow it is the cheapest (but not the fact that it is more convenient) to get with two transfers. Etihad Airways and Air Serbia are delivered to the Seychelles (departure from Sheremetyevo, connections in Belgrade and Abu Dhabi, tickets – from 460 USD one way, travel time – 25.5 hours), Aeroflot and Turkish airlines” (from Vnukovo via St. Petersburg and Istanbul, from 600 USD and 25.5 hours) and other carriers. Qatar Airways has one-stop flights (departure from Domodedovo, tickets – from 660 USDone way, duration – from 19.5 hours via Doha), Turkish Airlines (from 640 USD, from 13.5 hours via Istanbul) and Etihad Airways (from 480 USD, from 24 hours via Abu Dhabi).

Note: according to allcitypopulation, the population of Seychelles is 99,202 (2021).

Emirates has the fastest connecting flights from the Russian capital: 12 hours 50 minutes with a transfer in Dubai for 623 USD one way.

It is cheaper to fly from St. Petersburg with one connection: Turkish Airlines has routes through Istanbul for 460 USD one way (18 hours 40 minutes). The champions in speed are Emirates again: a flight from Pulkovo to Mahe takes from 12 hours and 45 minutes with a transfer in Dubai and costs from 560 USD one way. With two connections, they deliver Es Seven and Qatar Airways (from 27 hours via Moscow and Doha, from 685 USD in one direction), Russia and Turkish Airlines (from 17.5 hours via Moscow and Istanbul, from 725 USD) and other airlines.

Transport Seychelles

Seychelles is an island nation, located on 115 islands of the archipelago, 33 of which are inhabited. The most convenient way to travel between them is with Air Seychelles flights. For example, a flight from Mahe to Praslin takes 20 minutes and costs from 710 SCR one way. The ZilAir company (off. site in English) offers helicopter tours, sightseeing flights and an individual VIP transfer between the islands, other carriers have similar services. You can get from Pointe Larue Airport to Praslin and La Digue under the roar of a propeller for 1600-2800 SCR, admire the surroundings from a height – for 7500-38 000 SCR.

In addition, communication between the islands, even the most remote ones, is provided by numerous ferries and schooners. Tickets are sold on board and cost around SCR 90 one way.

Oddly enough, the bus network in the Seychelles is also quite well developed. Regular passenger service has been established on Mahe and Praslin: the transport of the SPTC carrier (off. site in English) runs from 5:30 to 20:30 (on Praslin – until 18:20) with an interval of 15 minutes to 1 hour. A ticket for the whole day costs 7 SCR, for the last evening route – 15 SCR. There are minibuses between the airport and Victoria, the transfer cost is 3-5 SCR.

You can get around La Digue in an eco-friendly way (by bicycle) or in an exotic way (by bullock cart).

There are even taxis on Praslin and Mahe: comfortable cars equipped with meters. The first km of the trip costs 15-20 SCR, each subsequent – 5 SCR (luggage is paid extra: 5 SCR per suitcase). Transfers from the airport to Victoria charge 100 SCR during the day and 150 SCR at night.

Car and bike rental

To rent a car, you will need an international or national driving license. The driver must be at least 22 years old and have at least three years of driving experience.

Before renting a car, you need to think carefully. Traffic on the islands is left-handed, and there are many mountain roads, the quality of which leaves much to be desired: travelers who do not have serious experience in such difficult driving will take a lot of risks while driving a car. I want to travel on my own, but driving skills are not enough – it is better to bargain with a taxi driver and organize a study tour around the island – it will not cost too much.

If you are already taking a car in the Seychelles, then let it be some kind of jeep: it is best suited for local roads. The maximum speed in the city is 45 km / h, outside the settlements – 65 km / h, and only on the highway leading to the airport is it allowed to accelerate to insane 80 km / h.

On the last Saturday of every month, people from all over Mahe flock to Victoria to squander their newly received wages. Therefore, the pandemonium these days is simply amazing (by local standards, of course) – both on the sidewalks and on the roads. And finding parking in the city center these days is almost impossible.

There are only 6 gas stations on the entire island of Mahe. And on Praslin there are fewer of them – two.

In addition, there are many bicycle rental offices on the islands – perhaps the most convenient means of transport in island conditions. True, the two-wheeled friends themselves are often simply not enough for everyone.

Visa and customs

Citizens of Russia arriving for a period not exceeding 30 days do not need a visa to the Seychelles. But despite the general “chocolate” and the safety of the destination, medical insurance will not hurt. Read all the details about PCR testing, an antigen test or obtaining a vaccination certificate to enter the country on this page.

The import and export of foreign and local currencies is not limited, the allowable limit for the transport of local is 2000 SCR. 200 cigarettes or 250 g of tobacco are allowed duty-free; 2 liters of alcohol with a strength of more than 16% and 2 liters of less strong drinks; 200 ml perfume. The importation of other goods is limited to 3,000 SCR per person. When transporting musical instruments, sports equipment and portable electrical appliances, you will have to pay a special deposit (on the way back, the money will be returned – unless, of course, the listed items leave the country with the traveler).

Pets are quarantined (14-180 days) and are allowed in the Seychelles only if they have an international veterinary certificate issued no earlier than a month before arrival. It is forbidden to import weapons (including pneumatic and for spearfishing), vegetables, fruits, plants, birds, tea, non-canned meat and meat products, as well as medicines and drugs. It is prohibited to export shells, corals, tortoiseshell products and coco de mer nuts without special permission.

There is no Tax free system in the Seychelles.

Transport Seychelles

]]>
Pula, Croatia https://www.ehistorylib.com/pula-croatia.html Fri, 23 Dec 2022 12:31:18 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1468 Pula is the oldest Croatian city on the Adriatic coast, where artifacts created even before our era have been preserved. It is defined not only by picturesque beaches and a well-equipped resort area, but also by historical monuments and cultural centers that host exhibitions and concerts. Pula is also a major port of the Istrian peninsula. Founded by the ancient Greeks, it flourished during the Roman Empire, and this historical fact still attracts fans of ancient monuments to the city. It is interesting to relax here for those who love active entertainment, and fans of beach holidays and nightlife. Diving centers and sports grounds coexist here with noisy discos, clubs and casinos. But this does not interfere with the contemplative pastime among the ancient ruins.

Note: according to allcitypopulation, the population of Croatia is 3.899 million (2021).

History

The first traces of human life were discovered near Pula, and the first mention of this city is found in the legend of the Argonauts. According to her, it was the Argonauts who founded Pula when they went on a journey for the Golden Fleece. This is confirmed by numerous items found during archaeological excavations. The connection of this city with ancient Greek culture is obvious. A few years before the beginning of our era, Pula received the status of a Roman colony, thanks to which its rapid development began, and the buildings built at that time still help us make a mental journey into the depths of centuries. One of the most interesting is the Arena – a huge amphitheater, perfectly preserved to this day, arousing the interest of both historians and tourists from all over the world.

The triumphal arch of Sergius and the Temple of Augustus were also donated to the city by the Roman era. After the fall of the Roman Empire, power over the city belonged successively to the Venetians, Austrians, and Italians. And only in 1947 Pula returned to Croatia. During a long difficult period in the life of the city, buildings were built here, mostly typical of medieval Roman-Gothic architecture. Many of them have survived to this day.

Pula Hotels

In Pula, not only traditional hotels and apartments are common, which are in great abundance in the resort town, but also campsites. Equipped campsites for motorhomes and tents offer all the necessary amenities for those who love an inexpensive vacation close to nature. You can also rent a small cabin for four or five people at the campsites for only 900 HRK per day.

For those who want to save money, hostels are suitable for 150 HRK per person per day. Double rooms in mid-range hotels will cost 400 HRK. For this price you can get 3* service, free breakfasts and Wi-Fi. Sea view apartments will cost approximately HRK 650 in high season. This accommodation is located near the beaches and close to the main attractions. You can also rent an apartment or a room in the private sector by the day. However, it is better to plan this option in advance, since there are practically no free reservations during the summer season.

Diving

The Adriatic Sea is considered one of the best dive sites for both professionals and beginners. Unusual and diverse flora and fauna, combined with clear blue waters, make the sessions unforgettable. The diving season in Pula is long – from May to October – almost all this time the visibility under water is from 20 to 30 m. The abundance of caves, picturesque reefs and shipwrecks near the coast make diving very popular in this area of ​​Istria.

The cost of one scuba dive depends on how long the boat will be involved, and whether the wrecks are planned to be visited. Diving from the boat will cost 180 HRK, going down to the ship will cost about 300 HRK.

On the outskirts of Pula in Verudela, there are dives on the House Reef, where you can sign up for training courses for beginners. The diving depth here does not exceed 18 m, but you can see electric stingrays and sea spiders live. A place called Canyon will interest experienced divers. It is also located on Cape Verudela, allowing you to dive to 30 m and see several tunnels and caves.

What to bring

For souvenirs, you should go to the shopping street, which starts from the Golden Gate in the center of Pula. There are many small shops with textiles, ceramics, traditional food and drinks. Local handmade tapestries are the most popular souvenir from this city. They can be bought from the masters themselves for 220-270 HRK.

During the summer, most shops close for a siesta at lunchtime until 17:00. On weekends, all establishments are open only until the middle of the day.

Pula is also famous for its lace and embroidered tablecloths, wood carvings and coral decorations. Jewelry is bought here not only as a commemorative trinket, but also simply because of the relatively low price. Local alcoholic drinks are also in demand. Slivovitz and Travaritsa, Maraschino liqueurs and wines will be a good gift from the trip.

  • Souvenir shops in Pula

Cuisine and restaurants in Pula

Pula is dominated by Italian and Istrian cuisines, with a special emphasis on seafood. Oysters and lobsters of the first freshness can be tasted in restaurants on the shore, such a lunch will cost about 300 HRK per person. Such establishments are also famous for their truffle dishes. Local cuisine will appeal to meat lovers, as in Pula it is perfectly cured and smoked. Prshut, chobanac and police are variations of meat dishes that most accurately reveal the peculiarities of Istrian cuisine. Fast food at the resort – with an Italian “bias”. There are many pizzerias and bistros that serve pasta, pizza and desserts of excellent quality. You can dine together in them for 170 HRK – including Croatian beer or tinctures.

Not only food and alcohol attracts gourmets to Pula. The city is famous for its great variety of quality coffee, which is appreciated by connoisseurs from all over the world. It is worth trying white coffee, the beans of which are baked in a special way until they get a white hue. They are usually brewed in milk.

Portions in restaurants are very large, so you should order them one by one. You can have a bite to eat on the go, kiosks with Italian ice cream and donuts are found everywhere.

Entertainment and attractions

All the historical sights of Pula are concentrated in a small space in the city center, so you can explore them in detail in a day, walking around. It’s worth starting with the amphitheater, built by the Romans in the 1st century BC. e. It deservedly received the title of the Croatian Colosseum, as it occupies the 6th place in terms of size among the surviving amphitheaters in the world. You will be able to see the city from a height if you climb the tower in the Kashtel fortress. It was founded in the 14th century, and now the Historical Maritime Museum is located here. Under the fortress there is a cave, about the mystical inhabitants of which there are many amusing legends among the locals. The Hercules Gate and the Arch of Sergius will help to get an idea of ​​Roman architecture. These are the oldest buildings in the city, built in the 3rd-1st centuries BC. e.

Several ancient temples in the center of old Pula remind us that believers gathered here during the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire to pray together in secret.

If you want to escape from antiquity, you should go to the Marine Park. It was founded in the 19th century and to this day has retained almost all the features of the park architecture of that time. Many exotic flowers and trees grow here, in the shade of which you can take a break from the beach heat. Man-made masterpieces of recognized masters of painting are kept in the collection of the Franciscan monastery of the 13th century, which in itself is a landmark.

3 things to do in Pula

  1. Sit on the steps of the Temple of Augustus, which was built during the life of Christ.
  2. Visit the places where the author of the famous “Ulysses” Irish writer James Joyce lived and worked.
  3. See near the electric ramp and scuba dive to the sunken passenger ship “Baron Gosh”.

Pool for children

Children of primary and school age will be able to have fun in various centers and parks, which in Pula are enough to keep them busy for weeks. Lovers of active age will like the Green Garden Pula park (off. site in English), where you can go kart and compete in speed, even if vacationers come with very young children. Instructors will tell you in detail about how to control the equipment and take care of safety. Those who are more fond of contemplative relaxation can go with their children to the local aquarium located in Fort Verudella (off. site in English). Not only representatives of the local fauna live here, but also a variety of living creatures from other parts of the world. Children will observe fish, lizards, turtles and even the smallest organisms with the help of a microscope.

The whole day will take a visit to the rope town in Adventure Park Pula (website in English). There are several obstacle courses and attractions that will be of interest to both kids and adults. Children can also be taken on diving trips. According to the rules of the international association PADI, they can dive under the supervision of an instructor from the age of 10.

Weather

Pula is located on the Adriatic coast, where it is hot and dry from April to October. The water temperature reaches its maximum towards the end of summer, so the best months to visit this resort are August and September. It is relatively cold here in winter. Due to the high humidity, the coolness becomes more noticeable by January. Spring comes early, but due to the fact that the sea is still cold, most coastal hotels open only in June. The local Mediterranean climate with thickets of coniferous forests and the absence of mountains is considered healing, so it is recommended for people with weak lungs and joint diseases.

Pula, Croatia

]]>
US 26 in Wyoming https://www.ehistorylib.com/us-26-in-wyoming.html Fri, 16 Dec 2022 13:50:04 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1466  

US 26
Get started alpine
End Torrington
Length 473 mi
Length 761 km
Route
  • Idaho
  • Alpine
  • Hoback
  • Jackson
  • Moran
  • Dubois
  • Riverton
  • Soshonia
  • Casper
  • Glenrock
  • Glenrock – Dwyer:
  • Dwyer
  • Lingle
  • Nebraska

According to Ablogtophone, US 26 is a US Highway in the US state of Wyoming. The road forms a long east-west route through the center of the state, from the Idaho border at Alpine, through Grand Teton National Park further east, via Riverton and Casper to the Nebraska border at Torrington. The road is double numbered with other US Highways for significant distances. The road is 761 kilometers long.

Travel directions

US 26 in the middle of Wyoming.

Near the village of Alpine, US 26 in Idaho enters the state of Wyoming from Idaho Falls. Already after 3 kilometers a double numbering starts with the US 89. Both roads then head east through a mountainous area along the Snake River. At the hamlet of Hoback Junction US 189 ends from Evanston and a triple numbering begins with US 191from Rock Springs. The road runs here at an altitude of about 1,800 meters and runs due north. One passes through the small town of Jackson, the largest town in the wider region, and then enters Grand Teton National Park. From the road you have a magnificent view over the Tetons. The highest point is the Grand Teton with an altitude of 4,197 meters. At the hamlet of Moran, US 26 turns east and begins double – numbering with US 287. The road then ascends to the 2,944 meter high Togwotee Pass. It crosses the Continental Divide, the watershed between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Then the descent to the central Wyoming plateau begins. The area changes from a wooded mountain area to a barren and desolate plateau with few major differences in height.

The double-numbering with US 287 is about 160 kilometers long and lasts until an intersection near Morton, where US 287 exits towards Lander and Rawlins in the southeast. The area is not really flat, there are continuous ravines and cliffs up to 100 meters high. One then reaches the town of Riverton in Central Wyoming. The road turns northeast here and after about 35 kilometers you reach the village of Shoshoni, where a double numbering begins with US 20.

The road then runs over a desolate barren plateau with few major differences in height. Places on the route are often no more than a few houses, sometimes not even inhabited. You pass Hells Half Acre, a wild area with jagged rocks. One then reaches the town of Casper, with 50,000 inhabitants the second largest city in Wyoming. US 26 merges into Interstate 25 here. Although I-25 is a north-south number, the road here runs east-west for 100 kilometers. Crossing the North Platte River here, US 20 and US 26 turn off again to form a parallel route a short distance from I-25. This lasts until Glenrock, after which both numbers merge onto I-25, after which a double numbering to the east of 4 road numbers, I-25, US 20, US 26 and US 87. Just past Douglas, at Orin the US 20 turns to the East.

US 26 continues a little further with I-25 to the south, to the west are the higher Laramie Mountains. There are some exits that lead to hamlets. After about 55 miles, US 26 turns east and continues on I-25 toward Cheyenne and Denver. The road then continues across the High Plains and crosses the North Platte River. Near Torrington there is a short double numbering with US 85 and even 2×2 lanes. Not far after that, the border with Nebraska is reached, after which US 26 in Nebraska continues towards Scottsbluff.

History

US 20/26 at Casper.

US 26 is one of the original US Highways of 1926. Its starting point was US 185 at Dwyer Junction, just west of Guernsey. With that, US 26 ran about 90 kilometers through the extreme east of Wyoming. This section of US 26 coincides with the historic Oregon Trail, which migrants used to reach the west of the continent in the 1800s. Between 1948 and 1952, US 26 was extended westward in stages, eventually reaching the Pacific Ocean in Oregon. In 1948 the route to Alpine on the border with Idaho. wasextended and continued to Idaho Falls in 1951, creating the current route through Wyoming. US 26 was routed over US 20 for a large part, as were other US Highways in western Wyoming. Between Shoshoni and Riverton, US 26 was routed over the then US 320, which became part of US 26 in 1950 and was discontinued.

Relatively few upgrades have been made to US 26, the road leads through almost every place on the route. An exception is Casper, the largest city on US 26’s route in Wyoming, where a 2×2 lane northbound bypass was constructed at the same time as I-25 was built, serving US 20 and US 26. In the 1990s, the double numbering with US 85 west of Torrington was also widened to a 5-lane road with a center turn lane.

In 1991, the easternmost section between the Nebraska border and I-25 was designated as a branch of the Heartland Expressway from Scottsbluff to I-25.

Traffic intensities

Every day, 1,800 vehicles drive on the Idaho border and 6,000 vehicles on the double-numbered US 89, increasing to 12,000 vehicles near Jackson and a maximum of 20,000 vehicles in Jackson itself. This again drops to 5,000 vehicles north of Jackson and 1,000 to 1,500 vehicles over the Togwotee Pass. After that, 2,000 vehicles will travel to Riverton and 4,000 vehicles between Riverton and Shoshoni. Then 2,000 vehicles drive up to Casper and 1,700 vehicles parallel I-25 west of Glenrock. Between I-25 and Guernsey, 2,200 vehicles and 3,500 vehicles run between Guernsey and Torrington, rising to 12,000 vehicles in Torrington itself.

US 26 in Wyoming

]]>
Entertainment and Attractions in Singapore https://www.ehistorylib.com/entertainment-and-attractions-in-singapore.html Fri, 09 Dec 2022 06:21:28 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1464 In Singapore, there are attractions that can interest both fans of the classic “excursion” and lovers of exotic entertainment. It is better to start acquaintance with them from the Botanical Garden, founded more than 150 years ago. Flora from all over the world flourishes and smells on the territory of 101 hectares: tropical and equatorial endemics, orchids, palm trees and ferns. From flora to fauna: to the Singapore Zoo, home to over 2,500 animals, including endangered species. See JIBIN123 for Singapore customs regulations and visa requirements.

The conditions for keeping animals are as close as possible to natural ones: for this, entire ecosystems have been recreated in the zoo – deserts, jungles, African valleys.

In between excursions, it is worth taking a ride on the rides, of which there are a great many in Singapore. On the 165-meter Singapore Flyer, beauty and height are breathtaking, in the Skyline and Skyride karting centers on Sentosa – from speed, in the MegaZip rope park – from extreme sports, and in the amazing world of Universal Studios – from everything at once.

Having become acquainted with the creations of nature, it’s time to appreciate the man-made masterpieces. The recognized symbol of the island is the Marina Bay Sands Hotel, which looks like a spaceship that has landed near the bay. In the nearby Merlion Park, a statue of a mythical beast flaunts, welcoming the guests of the city. An architectural curtsy from the past centuries is the snow-white Raffles Hotel, an example of elegance and respectability. One of the main religious attractions is the Sri Mariamman temple with a luxurious facade studded with statuettes of Hindu deities. Reminiscent of World War II is Fort Siloso, the only surviving gun battery.

The best observation deck is the 130 m high Tiger Sky Tower, built in the gigantic Imbia Lookout entertainment area.

The architectural dominant of Singapore is the futuristic Marina Bay Sands Hotel.

However, Singapore is not only skyscrapers, huge artificial trees and a sculpture of the mythical creature Merlion. One of the main symbols of the “Lion City” is located at an altitude of 191 m, on the roof of a fantastic building – the Marina Bay Sands Hotel. This is a pool with the speaking name Infinity Pool: it really seems endless, because the steel structure stretches for almost 150 m in length, and its edges seem to break off at the level of the 60th floor. In fact, this illusion arises due to the fact that the water collectors are installed slightly lower than the sides of the pool.

The water offers a unique view of the urban landscapes of the metropolis: from a dizzying height, the amazing city can be seen in all its details.

  • Are there cruises from Singapore

Where to go with children

On the Singapore Ferris Wheel, which we have already talked about, there is a Time Capsule attraction: thanks to the Flyer 360+ interactive multimedia system, you can get acquainted with the history of the country, see what it was like many decades ago, learn interesting things about the iconic places of Singapore.

A visit to the Art Science Museum is an impressive experience at the intersection of technology, science and art. Its permanent exhibition was created in cooperation with an international creative association of artists, programmers, engineers, computer animators, mathematicians and architects. Children will appreciate the huge balls for games, an interactive aquarium and electronic classics, while adults will appreciate the undeniable “instagrammability” of the museum’s spaces.

We also talked about the Singapore Zoo: it’s just a fantastic place for a family holiday. You can watch birds in Asia’s largest bird park Jurong. Lori parrots, toucans, flamingos, pelicans, cardinals, penguins and other inhabitants may not even suspect that they live in captivity. Visitors to the Night Safari and River Safari parks have a unique opportunity to see animals that are active at night, as well as the inhabitants of the largest river ecosystems in the world. As a bonus – entertainment programs and spectacular shows with feeding outlandish animals. You can add to the collection of impressions of a young (and not so) naturalist in the Butterfly Park.

Finally, Sentosa Adventure Island deserves its own list in this section:

  • One of the largest SEA Aquariums, home to 100,000 marine animals, including rare stingrays, bronze hammerheads, Japanese spider crabs and even the nautilus pompilius clam.
  • SEA’s first Hollywood theme park Universal Studios Singaporefeatures the world’s tallest twin roller coaster, Shrek’s castle, Madagascar themed ride, futuristic Sci-Fi city, Waterworld show and the world’s first closed loop carousel.
  • An unusual water park where you can see a lot of marine life and visit 14 water attractions.
  • Adventure Park Mega Adventure – 50-meter span at a height of 75 m at a speed of 60 km / h, MegaClimb – course to overcome heights from 5 to 15 meters, MegaJump – jump from 15 m, MegaBounce – super trampoline for children.
  • Skyline Luge Sentosa, reminiscent of a sleigh ride and a go-kart at the same time: having climbed Mount Faber on a funicular, you can go down on special wheeled sleds. The track is over a kilometer long.
  • Surfing complex Wave House Sentosa, where artificial waves reach three meters.
  • SkyHelix Tower, Singapore’s tallest outdoor panoramic attraction. Visitors climb up 79 meters along a 40-meter tower from inside a rotating gondola.
  • Butterfly Theme Parkwith an abundance of lush tropical plants and a huge variety of inhabitants.

Holidays and events

Despite the tiny size of the country, there are a lot of holidays and festivals in Singapore. The most colorful and colorful national festivals are the celebration of the Chinese New Year, the Hindu holidays of Ponggal and Thaipusam in February, the Hougang Spring Festival in late February and the Birthday of God the Child on May 1. Also of interest are the Dragon Boat Festival in May-June, the celebration of classical Indian dance and music – the festival of the Chettar temple and the Timiti fire cleansing ceremony in October.

The Navaratri festival (“Nine Lights” in Tamil), which takes place in October and lasts 9 days – according to the number of stars, brings songs and dances to Singapore in honor of the Indian goddesses Durga and Lakshmi Saraswati. And November’s Deepavali – the country’s most important Hindu holiday – marks the victory of Light over Darkness.

In January-February, the spring festival, Chunjie, is celebrated, and from December to March, the Muslim holidays of Hari-Raya-Haji (the festival of sacrifice) and Hari-Raya-Puasa – the end of Ramadan from April to May. Good Friday and Easter are also celebrated from April to May. Buddha’s (or Wesak) birthday is celebrated here on May 6th.

Of the social events, the Singapore Art Week in January, the famous summer gastronomic festival Singapore Food Festival, the Cocktail Festival in October, and, of course, the Formula 1 night race in September-October, will be of interest.

Attractions in Singapore

]]>
Atlanta, Georgia https://www.ehistorylib.com/atlanta-georgia.html Thu, 01 Dec 2022 15:12:32 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1457 According to growtheology, Atlanta is the perfect city for any America lover. Whether you are interested in American history, like American sports or like to soak up American culture: Atlanta has it all! Georgia’s largest city – also the capital – is home to two showpieces of American culture: the headquarters of CNN and World of Coca-Cola; two real crowd pleasers. But Atlanta is also the birthplace of Dr. Martin Luther King, so you can also learn a lot about the civil rights movement here. Discover the city during a city trip Atlanta or start your holiday with a Fly Drive Atlanta.

13 things to do in Atlanta

1. Centennial Olympic Park

Atlanta was the host city for the 1996 Summer Olympics. Centennial Olympic Park was built especially for this purpose. The Olympic Games have of course long since left, but the city has retained a beautiful park. You can now see the park as the heart of the city. There are many tourist attractions around the park, including CNN Center, World of Coca-Cola, Georgia Aquarium and several sports arenas. Centennial Olympic Park is therefore the ideal place to start or end your day in Atlanta. The park itself is also a good place to relax and enjoy the skyline.

2. Georgia State Capitol

With a population of 500,000, Atlanta is the largest city in the state of Georgia. It is therefore not surprising that the city also functions as the capital of the state. At Georgia State Capitol you will learn more about the building and the history of democracy in Georgia. The building is open to visitors from Monday to Friday from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. You can join a guided tour or roam freely on your own. Entrance is free.

3. CNN Center

CNN is one of the largest news channels in America. At the Atlanta headquarters, CNN Center, you can learn about how newscasts are made and how they are then broadcast around the world on the acclaimed tour. It also tells about the history of CNN and how the channel has grown into the largest news channel in the world. So you get a look behind the scenes of about 50 minutes. Are you curious about how a weather map works? Or have you always wanted to know how they process election results so quickly on the interactive map? Then the CNN tour is for you! Please note, the tours are extremely popular. It is therefore advisable to book a few days in advance. Haven’t ordered tickets yet? Then come early, who knows there are still tickets left.

4. Sweet Auburn Historic District

For a lesson in American civil rights history, head to Sweet Auburn Historic District. This neighborhood is one of the most important neighborhoods for African Americans in America: Martin Luther King Jr. was born and buried in this district. Auburn Avenue, the main street, is home to most of the historic attractions, including the APEX Museum. In the APEX Museum you can learn more about the African diaspora. Not much further on is the Margaret Mitchell House and Museum. Mitchell is best known for her world-famous 1936 novel Gone with the Wind and the 1939 film of the same name. Municipal Market offers new flavors to try, including Caribbean cuisine and different types of fish.

5. World of Coca-Cola

An absolute must-visit in Atlanta: World of Coca-Cola! After all, Coca-Cola originated in the city of Atlanta: John Pemberton brewed the first version in 1886. It is now impossible to imagine supermarkets and restaurants around the world without it. Learn more about the world-famous drink in this interactive museum. See the safe where the top secret recipe is stored, see how bottles are filled and discover the history behind Coca-Cola. Extra fun: in the Taste-It Experience you can taste different types of cola from all over the world! Join a guided tour or explore the museum at your own pace. The entrance fee is about $20; for a tour you pay an extra $10.

6. Georgia Aquarium

Georgia Aquarium is home to hundreds of species and thousands of animals in its seven major galleries, all of which live in more than 10 million US gallons (38,000 m3) of fresh and salt water. It was the largest aquarium in the world from its opening in 2005 until 2012, when it became the third largest aquarium in the world after Singapore’s Marine Life Park and China’s Chimelong Ocean Kingdom; the Georgia Aquarium remains the largest aquarium in the United States and in the Western Hemisphere. The aquarium’s notable specimens include whale sharks, beluga whales, California sea lions, bottlenose dolphins, and manta rays.

7. Beltline

Atlanta Belt Line can be compared to the High Line in New York City, but is unique in its own way. Miles of walking paths connect different neighborhoods of the city. Not only is this a fun way to explore the city; at the same time it is also an ambitious project to improve the infrastructure of the city. Along the way you will pass several parks and restaurants where you can stop for a while. There are several routes you can follow. Most trails are about two to three kilometers, so they are suitable for all ages. You can walk the routes, but you can also explore them by bike.

8. Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site

Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Park, located in the Sweet Auburn Historic District, is – how could it be otherwise – completely dedicated to the civil rights hero. Pay a visit to the Visitor Center, where you will find the Civil Rights Walk of Fame. But in this area you can also see King’s birthplace. The house is still in its original state and can now be visited as a museum. At the King Center, just down the road, you’ll learn more about King’s life’s work and the impact it had on the world. Here you can also visit the tombs of King and his wife Coretta.

9. Grant Park

History Lovers beware! Atlanta played an important role in the American Civil War during the Battle of Atlanta. Grant Park, the city’s oldest park, is home to the Cyclorama and Civil War Museum. You can view a huge spinning diorama about this battle here. Nearby is Oakland Cemetery. Many Confederate soldiers are buried here. Not into history? Atlanta Zoo is also located in this park. Nice for a day out with children!

10. Starlight Drive-In Theater

Time left? Then a visit to the Starlight Drive-In Theater might be a nice idea. Just like in the film, you drive onto the site with your car and then watch a film from your car. From old classics to newer films: they play everything here. Check out their website for the most current offer. There is also a flea market at the drive-in on weekends. You might even find a wonderful find for a small price!

11. Atlanta History Center

The Atlanta History Center is located in the Buckhead neighborhood. In addition to historic gardens and a restored mansion from 1928, this complex houses nine permanent exhibitions. For example, there are exhibitions about Jim Crow and segregation, the 1996 Olympics and the Civil War. You can join a guided tour of the grounds or explore the gardens and museum on your own at your own pace. Please note, the museum is closed on Mondays.

12. Filming location

Does the Atlanta skyline look familiar? That could be right! Many Hollywood movies are shot in Atlanta (or Georgia) because of favorable financial arrangements and permits. Piedmont Park offers the best view of Atlanta’s well-known skyline. Atlanta is a true Valhalla, especially for The Walking Dead fans: from the Jackson Street Bridge you will probably recognize some views from the series. Other films and series filmed here include Baby Driver, The Vampire Diaries and The Hunger Games.

13. Museums

Atlanta is a big city. This is also reflected in the huge range of different museums. Do you like art? Then the High Museum of Art or the MODA (Museum of Design) might be something for you. Looking for something completely different? The Delta Flight Museum – dedicated to the airline of the same name – has hangars filled with aviation history. Also fun, especially for older kids: the Trap Music Museum; founded by rapper TI in 2018 and entirely dedicated to the popular trap music genre. Also of interest: the National Center for Civil and Human Rights, which focuses on the theme of human rights; or the College Football Hall of Fame, dedicated to college football.

Atlanta FAQs

Where is Atlanta located?

Atlanta is located in the northwest of Georgia. Georgia is located in the Southeastern United States. The state borders Florida to the south, North Carolina and South Carolina to the northeast, and Alabama and Tennessee to the west.

What to do in Atlanta?

There is so much to do in Atlanta! After all, it is a big city. Especially for the real American experience you have to be here. Learn more about the turbulent history of the civil rights movement or about the development of Coca-Cola. Here you can!

Activities for kids in Atlanta?

Children will certainly not be bored here, with all those interactive museums. Also fun for kids: Georgia Aquarium and Atlanta Zoo.

How long is the flight to Atlanta?

There are direct flights to Atlanta from Amsterdam. These last about 9 to 10 hours.

What’s the weather like in Atlanta?

Atlanta has a subtropical climate. However, due to its relatively high location (at 300 meters), it can also get quite cold in winter. In the summer months it is reasonably warm: an average of 30 °C; in winter it is an average of 12 °C. It does rain in Atlanta at a moderate level all year round. The best time to travel is April-May: there is then a nice temperature, varying from 15 ° C to 25 C °.

Atlanta, Georgia

]]>
Entertainment and Attractions in Seoul, South Korea https://www.ehistorylib.com/entertainment-and-attractions-in-seoul-south-korea.html Fri, 25 Nov 2022 08:36:33 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1455 Seoul is a city of contrasts. Business centers have come close to ancient temples, historical sights are surrounded by a scattering of high-rise buildings, and ultra-modern junctions around the corner are replaced by peaceful park landscapes. Check liuxers for customs and traditions of South Korea.

Palaces

According to legend, the founder of the Joseon Dynasty, Lee Songye, could not choose a place to build his residence for a long time. For some reason, he listened to a simple plowman and went to the north of Seoul, where he built the grandiose Gyeongbokgung Palace. The main buildings of the complex are the Geungjeonjon Hall and the Kenkhweru Pavilion.

Of great historical importance is also Gyeonghigun, which has become a “second home” for the rulers in case of an emergency. Today there is a historical museum.

With residences, Changdeokgung competes with scenic beauty. After examining its halls, tourists rush to admire the “Secret Garden” and “Jade Stream”. In the palace complex of Changnyeokung, it is interesting to look at the Botanical Garden and the Queen’s Pavilion. Deoksugung Palace in Seoul used to be built as a country villa and therefore looks modest.

The architecture of Seoul’s palaces may seem arbitrary, as the objects are so softly inscribed in the overall picture. But if you study the issue and take a closer look, it becomes clear that during the construction they not only observed a strict hierarchy, but also took into account the principles of Confucianism and even the location of the stars.

Skyscrapers

Seoul buildings are impressive not only in history, but also in scale. You can evaluate them by clicking the camera, but it is much more interesting to test yourself for phobias and climb up to the sky – to the observation deck of one of the skyscrapers. The most famous skyscraper in Seoul is Yuksam Building, whose elevator rises at a speed of 54 m / s. Take your breath away at the top cloud restaurant at Jongno Tower. A popular spot is the Seoul TV Tower, which offers stunning views of the city.

Temples

Buddhist temples in Seoul are a must to visit. At least one – Chogesa. The monks offer tourists Temple Life – programs with accommodation. The oldest of all the Confucian cathedrals in Korea, Jongmyo Temple is amazingly beautiful. It was erected in honor of the rulers of the Joseon Dynasty, and its decoration is appropriate, worthy of royalty.

There are also many museums in Seoul. A visit to the War Memorial of the Republic of Korea will be unforgettable. And the most complete picture of the country is given by the National Museum of Korea (website with an English version), which has a collection of 220,000 exhibits.

Folklore village

Folk Village, located 50 minutes from Seoul, consists of houses typical of different Korean provinces. Street performances, “wedding ceremonies”, “funeral processions”, circus acts, kite flying competitions, folk dances and competitions in traditional sports are regularly held there.

8 things to do in Seoul

  1. Buy red ginseng in the market to live forever.
  2. Become a monk for a couple of days, settling in a temple, and discover Buddhism as a comfortable philosophy.
  3. Look into a Korean bath for a peeling procedure and rejuvenate yourself by 10 years.
  4. Spend the night on the floor at a traditional Korean hanok house in Bukchon Hanok Village.
  5. Throw a coin at the “moon rainbow” at Banpo Fountain Bridge.
  6. Become an apprentice tea master.
  7. Drink the local sweet potato soju vodka, forget the appetizer (only 20°!) and drift off into another reality.
  8. Buy something incredibly cheap, fly away, and then think that you should have taken more.

Seoul for kids

Seoul is home to one of the world’s largest theme parks, and there’s no better reason to go on vacation with kids. Moreover, the city is always happy and ready to welcome small guests. Transport is adapted for wheelchairs, and even in the metro there are original children’s rooms.

So, Lotte World is a grandiose building (it can be seen from space!), where there are fun for every taste and age. Kids are welcomed here by fairy-tale heroes, countless trains and carousels. Older children will appreciate the year-round skating rink, as well as the opportunity to soar under the very dome of the building in a hot air balloon. Exciting rides can be found on the “Magic Island”. Of these, the most “reckless” – “Gyro-Drop” and “Gyro-Swing” – a fall from a 70-meter height and an adventure inside a tornado.

Kids and adults will love Coex Aquarium, the largest oceanarium in Korea. Tens of thousands of fish and marine animals have become inhabitants of 90 survey aquariums. The most exciting sensations await visitors to the tunnel with sharks and sea turtles.

Not so large-scale, but still an impressive aquarium is located in the basement of the Yuksam Building skyscraper. There are shows with seals, penguins and sea lions.

In good weather, we recommend a ride in the “Grand Park”, which is located south of Seoul – in the city of Gwacheon. Children will be delighted with the huge zoo and the Korean Museum, while adults can enjoy the beautiful scenery.

Attractions in Seoul, South Korea

]]>
Spindlerov Mlyn, Czech Republic https://www.ehistorylib.com/spindlerov-mlyn-czech-republic.html Fri, 18 Nov 2022 15:33:47 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1453 According to wholevehicles, Spindlerov Mlyn is the most popular Czech ski resort located in the north of the country near the Polish border. In the 16th century silver was mined in these places, and at the end of the 18th century. here was the famous mill of the Spindler family in the country, at about the same time the town began to turn into a center of sports and active leisure.

Today, Spindlerov Mlyn is a universal ski resort with slopes of any difficulty level, equipment rental, schools for adults and children, as well as spa centers, a water park, beauty salons, restaurants, bars and any tourist infrastructure that you can imagine.

How to get there

Flight to Prague, then transfer for about two hours.

Spindlerov Mlyn slopes

You have to choose from the two largest ski centers – Svaty Petr and Medvedin, each of which has a number of qualities that are pleasant for skiing. The total length of the slopes is 25 kilometers, 28 lifts, of which 3 are chairlifts and 25 are ski lifts. The first has 11 tracks, the second – 7.

More: the ski center “Saint Peter” occupies an altitude of 715-1310 m above sea level and includes 11 ski slopes of varying difficulty, as well as cross-country skiing tracks and a fun park. Center “Medvedin” is exactly one kilometer above sea level. There are 7 tracks of different difficulty levels – both for adults and for children.

The romance of a starry night and the splashes of snowy cascades will make you remember evening skiing on illuminated slopes, open until 21:00. The rest of the cable cars and lifts are open from 8:30 to 16:00. And near the lifts of St. Peter’s territory there is a children’s corner, where children can be taken care of by professionals while you master new peaks. By the way, a single subscription operates on the cable cars of both centers.

Hotels

You can comfortably stay in the best hotels of Mlyn: Alba, Alpsky, Astra, Central, Harmony club hotel.

Cross-country skiing

As for the cross-country skiing trails: 26 marked kms are ready to welcome you, meeting all existing international standards. Points of entry to the slopes: at the Horny Misecky sports center (exit from the top station of the cable car), from the boarding house Lesana, from the confluence of Laba and Bela Laba (Divci lavky), from the ski center Sv.Petr (top station of the cable car).

Bobsleigh + ski bus

A free skibus regularly runs in Spindlerovo Mlyn, which regularly takes tourists to the necessary ski centers. Intervals in the morning and evening – 15 minutes, in the afternoon – 30 minutes. Here you can also try your hand at the bobsleigh track, which is open all year round. Twenty steep turns will make the heart beat faster with delight for a distance of one and a half kilometers.

Ski pass

The cost of a ski pass per day in the high season for an adult is 890 CZK, in the low season – 730 CZK, for children – 590 CZK and accordingly – 510 CZK. The cost of a ski pass for 6 days in the high season for an adult is 3820 CZK, in the low season – 3570 CZK, for children – 2920 CZK and 2500 CZK.

5 things to do in Spindleruv Mlyn

  1. Taste local cuisine in one of the mountain huts – “bouda”.
  2. In spring, marvel at the picturesque waterfall on Laba, formed by the confluence of many mountain streams and springs, in the Krkonoše National Park.
  3. Wander around the streets that became a haven for the Czech writer Franz Kafka during the period when he wrote one of his most famous works – The Castle (Das Schloss).
  4. Go fishing on Lake Laska.
  5. Take a ride on the sledge line Spindlerov Boud – Spindlerov Mlyn.

Entertainment and attractions of Spindleruv Mlyn

52 restaurants, 17 discos, nightclubs, bars, cinemas, shops. From active entertainment: toboggan runs, indoor pools, tennis, squash, fitness centers, paragliding.

For lovers of hiking, the variety of routes, the total length of which is 180 km, is amazing. Tired of walking with legs, mountain bike rentals are at your service. For example, we start our journey from the center of the resort, then along the red marked road (Jana Buchara), we move to Kozi hrbety, where a wonderful view of Spindleruv Mlyn and Mount Snezka opens from a charming observation deck. Admired, we go further past the Lucni bouda shelter to the top of Mount Snezka. It’s another 3 km. You can return back by going to the border with Poland and from there by shuttle bus to Spindleruv Mlyn.

Spindlerov Mlyn, Czech Republic

]]>
Things to Do in Genk, Belgium https://www.ehistorylib.com/things-to-do-in-genk-belgium.html Fri, 11 Nov 2022 06:40:04 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1451 According to Computerminus, Genk is centrally located in the Belgian province of Limburg and is the second largest city in this province in terms of population. Only neighboring city Hasselt has more inhabitants. Genk is one of the most important industrial cities in the Flemish region. This is the result of years of mining that mainly took place here in the first half of the twentieth century. For a long time, Genk was an insignificant town, until it was discovered in 1901 that there was a coal seam near Genk. As a result, coal mines were built and large numbers of migrants were attracted to work in the mines. In the beginning, it was mainly European migrants who ensured an enormous expansion of the city’s population. In the 1960s there was a significant influx of Turkish and Moroccan labor migrants. The result is that Genk has a clear multicultural character, which is reflected in the variety of religious buildings that you will find here.

The way Genk has developed is reflected in the cityscape. Don’t expect a medieval city center or cozy streets here. Genk has mainly been developed on the basis of functionality. That does not mean that Genk is not worth a visit from a touristic point of view. On the contrary. It is precisely the history that has made Genk a unique city, which has a number of attractive facets for visitors. For example, the old mines have been transformed into tourist spots and the nature around Genk is one of the most beautiful in Belgium. Genk is located in the middle of the first national park that the Flemish government established: Hoge Kempen National Park.

Transport is essential if you want to discover the main sights and attractions of Genk. The highlights of Genk are spread over eight districts. They are all easily accessible from the center by bus. The car is of course also an option.

Top 10 things to do in Genk

#1. C-Mine

Thanks to a redevelopment project, the former coal mine of Winterslag has been transformed into a cultural and recreational center: C-Mine. The letter ‘c’ in the name stands for ‘creativity’. During the development, the monumental value of the old mine has been carefully taken into account. The two headframes have been left largely intact. It is well understood that the neo-Flemish renaissance style is an important heritage. However, optical improvements have been made to make the towers extra attractive in the dark.

For tourists, the C-Mine expedition is especially worthwhile. Here you descend into the underground and go on a mining expedition. During the descent you go to a depth of six meters and various installations allow you to experience what it was like in the mines, including the associated smells and sounds. The literal climax consists of the ascent of a shaft trestle. If you do the full climb of more than 60 meters, you will be treated to a phenomenal view of Genk and the Limburg landscape. You can also stop at a height of ‘only’ 15 meters, if your knees are shaking because of the height.

The large C-Mine square with the steel labyrinth on it is optically a sight to see. C-Mine also offers some catering and you can enjoy the latest films in the Euroscoop cinema.

#2. Domain of Bokrijk

The Bokrijk Provincial Domain is an important tourist attraction for Genk. The domain measuring 550 hectares is mainly known for the Bokrijk Open Air Museum. Within this open-air museum you can admire a large number of historical buildings from different Flemish regions and time periods. The open-air museum beautifully shows the history and culture of Flanders.

Bokrijk Castle is centrally located on the domain. This castle was built at the end of the nineteenth century. The neo-Renaissance-style castle has no museum function. Today it is mainly used as a meeting room for the Province of Limburg and for companies. Part of the castle is used as a restaurant.

You can enjoy walking and cycling on the Domain of Bokrijk. The best starting point for this is one of the two paid car parks, because there are no other parking facilities on the domain. A special piece of cycle path (which you can also walk on) is ‘Cycling through the Water’, at junction 91. Here the cycle path runs over a length of more than 200 meters straight through a pond. A unique experience!

#3. Hoge Kempen National Park

For nature lovers there is a lot to enjoy around Genk. The Hoge Kempen National Park begins on the east side of Genk. Some of the nature reserves that make up the national park lie within the territory of Genk. That is why there are two entrance gates within Genk: Kattevennen gateway (next to the Cosmodrome) and Thor Park gateway. The Hoge Kempen National Park offers a wide variety of biotopes, which form the habitat for numerous animals. The best chance of spotting the animals is just after sunrise and before sunset. In total there are more than two hundred kilometers of signposted hiking trails within the park.

#4. From the labioma

In the Zwartberg district you can visit the life’s work of artist Koen Vanmechelen: Labiomista. An evolving evolving artwork about the mix of life. That is how Koen Vanmechelen describes Labiomista himself. The total park consists of 24 hectares and has various open-air installations. There are a number of striking buildings on the site: the base is formed by the former director’s residence of the mine and the zoo. Two structures designed by the Swiss architect Mario Botta have been added: The Ark, which forms the entrance, and The Battery. Furthermore, we don’t want to reveal too much about the special experience that we think Labiomista is. If you are somewhat fond of modern and contemporary art that makes you think, then you should definitely enter the wonderful world of Labiomista when you visit Genk. Because the outdoor experience is an essential part of Labiomista, the museum is closed during the winter season.

#5. Mill pond park

The Molenvijver Park is the green heart of the city of Genk. The approximately 15 hectare city park is located directly east of the center. The park was created where the Dorpsbeek in the Molenvijver. The Dorpsmolen present in the park is no longer in use as a mill. It is now used as a catering business. The sundial park in the Molenvijver Park is of interest to enthusiasts. In total there are twelve completely different sundials. Thanks to the explanations on the accompanying information boards, you will learn how the sundials work.

#6. Slagmolen

About five centuries ago, a water mill was installed on the Striemerbeek. The mill was built around 1523. The fulling mill was built by order of the cloth guild, with the aim of woolen. Woven wool was felted here. Over the years, the function of the mill changed. Later on, oil was extracted from rapeseed and rapeseed and the mill served as a flour mill. Thanks to restorations, the Slagmolen can still be seen in the Striemerbeek. It is the best known and oldest mill in Genk. The Slagmolen is now a protected monument.

#7. Emile Van Doren Museum

The Emile Van Dorenmuseum is an art museum that, among other things, but not only, is devoted to the Brussels artist Emile Van Doren. The museum is located in the former home of the landscape painter: Le Coin Perdu. Van Doren has found a lot of inspiration in the landscapes around Genk. It is not for nothing that this is reflected in his paintings. In addition to the works of Emile Van Doren, you can admire paintings by other painters such as Joseph Coosemans and Léon Becker in the museum. The Emile Van Dorenmuseum is open four days a week and admission is free.

#8. Thor Park

The Waterschei coal mine was one of seven mines to be found within the Kempen coal basin. Between its opening in 1924 and its closing in 1987, more than 70 million tons of coal was mined at this site. Instead of demolishing the mine, the city of Genk, together with the Limburg Investment Company, ensured that the former coal mine was given a new function. The site has been transformed into the Thor Park. Here you will mainly find knowledge-oriented companies and research institutions. The main building of the mine now has a multifunctional role within Thor Park. Architecture enthusiasts will love the beautiful design of this 22,000 square meter structure.

#9. Shopping 1

Genk is known as an excellent shopping city. For decades people have come to Genk from the wider area to shop here. The major crowd pullers are the three shopping centers centrally located in the center with the unimaginative names Shopping 1, Shopping 2 and Shopping 3. These shopping centers were created as a result of urban renewal. This made Genk progressive, because Shopping 1 is the oldest shopping center in Belgium. Shoppers have been able to shop here indoors since August 28, 1968. It is striking how well this shopping center has withstood the test of time. In fairness, we should mention that Shopping 1 has undergone some changes in the meantime.

#10. André Dumontmonument

The Belgian geologist and mining engineer André Dumont was the founder of the mining industry around Genk. He is the one who discovered the presence of coal in (Belgian) Limburg in the night of 1 to 2 August 1901. That happened in the nearby town of As. A monument has been erected on that spot for André Dumont. There is a second André Dumont monument in Genk. The sculpture can be found in front of the Sint-Martinuskerk in Genk.

Genk, Belgium

]]>
Landmarks of Malaga, Spain https://www.ehistorylib.com/landmarks-of-malaga-spain.html Fri, 04 Nov 2022 05:15:49 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1449 The Spanish city of Málaga is located in Andalusia; the southernmost part of Spain. Málaga is often visited by tourists who can appreciate the old buildings, the nostalgic squares and the Spanish culture. Málaga attracts many day tourists who stay in the nearby seaside resorts on the coast. After all, Málaga is located on the Costa del Sol, which is known for sun, sea, beach and wonderful summer temperatures. Besides cozy restaurants, beautiful beaches and nice shops, Málaga also has a bit of culture to offer. The rich historical center has a number of beautiful gems to offer from the past. The museum offer is nicely varied, so that museum lovers can go to Malaga. Thanks to the direct flight connections between Malaga and the Netherlands, it is not difficult to find tickets to Malaga. For the school holidays it can be useful to book them in time. Malaga airport is then widely used to visit various destinations on the Costa del Sol and inland in Andalusia.

According to Equzhou, Malaga is quite a big city. In terms of population, Málaga is the second largest city in Andalusia after Seville. Nevertheless, it is perfectly doable to explore the main highlights of this city in one or two days. Our top 10 things to do in Malaga can help you put together an exciting program for your visit to Malaga.

Top 10 sights of Malaga

#1. Centro Historico

The historic center of Málaga is actually one big attraction in itself. Let yourself get lost in the sometimes narrow alleys and discover the most beautiful places of atmospheric Málaga. Every moment of the da, the center has a different face. In the early hours you can see the city slowly starting up. The streets are swept clean, the catering industry is supplied and the locals go to enjoy their breakfast in the bar. The shops open at ten o’clock and the city center comes to life. The busiest and most beautiful part of the day is the evening. Then Málaga shows its cosiest side.

In the historic center you can discover various historic buildings, beautiful churches and beautiful squares. Be sure to visit the Plaza de la Merced (on Sundays there is a nice market here), the Plaza de la Constitution and the Plaza de Obispo. There it is especially the Bishop’s Palace (Palacio Episcopal) that steals the show. The bright colors come into their own when they are exposed to the sun in the afternoon. Fascinating museums in the historic center include the Carmen Thyssen Museums and the Museo de Málaga. That museum has been given its own place in our top 10 sights in Malaga.

The old heart of Málaga is an excellent place for shopping. In the eastern part you mainly see shops that focus on tourists. There you can find souvenirs and typical local delicacies such as caramelized almonds. Serious shopping is mainly done in and around Málaga’s main shopping street: Calle Marqués de Larios. This car-free street is located in the historic center of the city of Málaga. During the sometimes hot summer days, many shopping streets, including Calle Marqués de Larios, are covered with white cloths. This way you still have some shade while shopping. Well-known chains in Calle Larios are Desigual, Mango and Zara.

#2. The Alcazaba and the Castillo de Gibralfaro

Málaga has two fortifications. The lowest fortress is the Alcazaba. This Arabic name is due to the fact that it was the Moors who built the fortress in this strategic place in Málaga in the eleventh century. The fort is intended to protect the palace inside. This palace is a fine example of typical Moorish architecture. The Arabic arches in particular are a clearly recognizable style element.

Above the Alcazaba is the later built castle Gibralfaro. The Castillo de Gibralfaro Málaga was built in the 14th and 15th centuries and is therefore several centuries younger than the Alcazaba. As a structure in itself, the Gibralfaro is less fascinating than the Alcazaba. What the Gibralfaro does have as a plus is the great view over the city of Málaga and the immediate surroundings. For a nice view you do not necessarily have to enter the castle itself (and buy an entrance ticket. You can also enjoy the view for free from the Mirador del Gibralfaro. This is one of the best places to watch the sunset over Málaga see.

#3. Museo Automovilistico de Malaga

The Museo Automovilistico de Málaga is described as a car museum, but is actually so much more than that. Here beautiful cars, fashion and art merge into a fascinating whole. The museum is located in a former tobacco factory. The factory buildings are a sight in themselves. They are a fine example of typical Andalusian architecture. The Museo Automovilistico de Málaga shows an impressive collection of cars, including a number of beautiful models. It is mainly the design of the cars over the years that is highlighted here. The combination with fashion objects and art objects derived from car parts ensures that you walk through a visually extremely attractive museum. A clever trick is the way in which the daylight is filtered through the cloths in front of the windows. This creates good lighting conditions to shoot beautiful photos.

#4. Picasso Museum

As the birthplace of Pablo Picasso, a museum about this master of painting in Málaga was of course inevitable. The Museo Picasso Málaga on Calle San Agustin was opened in 2003 by King Juan Carlos I and his wife Queen Sofia. It is located in the Buenavista Palace which was built in the sixteenth century. Among the works are masterpieces such as ‘Madre y niño and Mosquetero con espada’. Many of his artworks have been donated from the family. Special works by Pablo Picasso can also be admired in world cities such as New York. A wonderful example is the painting ‘Les Demoiselles d’Avignon’ which hangs in the Museum of Modern Art.

#5. Cathedral of Malaga

The beautiful and graceful cathedral of Málaga was built in the sixteenth, seventeenth and partly in the eighteenth century. The duration of construction was mainly related to money. Construction was regularly halted because there were no financial resources. Because of this, even a part was never finished, for which it eventually received the nickname of the lame lady ‘La Manquita Catedral de Málaga’. Clear baroque and renaissance features can be found in the building. Both inside and outside, a lot of attention has been paid to various details. The chancel and the Gothic altarpiece in the Chapel of Santa Barbara are particularly popular.

You ca n’t just visit the Malaga Cathedral from the inside. A visit to the roof is also an option. Several times a day, supervisors go up to the roof with a group of visitors. It gives you a good view of the special roof construction, the tower and the city. The roof visit is not an option for those who are mobile limited. You have to walk up and down about two hundred steps. There is no elevator.

#6. Muelle Uno

Its location on the Mediterranean Sea is the reason that Málaga was once founded. The strategically and logistically favorable location has contributed to the prosperity of Málaga and the position that the city occupies within Andalusia for centuries. For years, the port of Málaga was an unattractive place that was not interesting from a tourist point of view. In the context of urban renewal, the port area has undergone a major overhaul. This has created a recreational area that has been given the name Muelle Uno. Along a long promenade you will find numerous shops and catering facilities such as cozy sunset terraces and nice restaurants. For lovers of modern and contemporary art, the art museum Center Pompidou Málaga is located.

From the promenade you have a beautiful view over the harbor and a part of the city. The best view is from the elevated area located in the southeastern part of Muelle Uno. La Farola de Malága is located at the end of the boulevard. Literally translated it means “The Lamp of Malaga”. This white lighthouse is one of the city’s icons.

#7. The Lagunillas district

The Soho district is often tipped by travel guides and Málaga sites as the hip area of ​​the city. To be fair: Soho is quite nice, but we would rather choose to visit the Lagunillas district. Where Soho comes across as quite polished, Lagunillas is still a real working-class neighborhood where you see raw street art that makes a walk through this part of the city worthwhile. It is striking that ‘El Barrio de Lagunillas’ borders almost directly on the historic center. Immediately north of the Marcado de Merced you will find yourself in a neighborhood where poverty, unemployment and dilapidated buildings are the harsh reality. To literally give life more color, local graffiti artists have united in the ‘Lagunillas Barrio de Creadores. With their street art, they have ensured that the Lagunillas district has become a true attraction.

#8. Teatro Romano

Below the current city lies the city that was once founded by the Romans. It was not demolished, but was buried by the Moors under a layer of sand, after which they built a new city on it. The old Roman city is thus still below the present-day centre. Last century, a Roman building was completely exposed: the amphitheatre. The Teatro Romano was built in the first century BC and has been synonymous with various performances for many centuries. Sometime in the eighth and ninth centuries, Teatro Romano was buried under stone and rubble because the Alcazaba fortress and Castillo de Gibralfaro were built right next to it. In the end, the theater was not discovered again until the twentieth century and excavations were started. In the visitor center ‘Centro de Interpretación’ you can go further into the history of this very special place.

In front of the Teatro Romano you can see a small glass pyramid. It looks like a small version of the pyramid that has been put away at the Louvre in Paris. The glass pyramid in Málaga stands over an excavation of Roman salt baths. In this, the former residents made fish sauce by fermenting pieces of fish in a salt bath.

#9. Playa de la Malagueta

Málaga has several beaches. Playa de la Malagueta is the nicest and most beautiful beach in the city. Its location directly southeast of the center means that you can easily reach this pleasant sandy beach on foot. You therefore do not necessarily have to spend the night on the beach to go swimming and sunbathing here. Most of the buildings along the Playa de la Malagueta are apartment buildings. You can count the number of hotels along Playa de la Malagueta on one hand. An exception is the stately and luxurious Gran Hotel Miramar, which can count itself among the very best hotels in the city.

Thanks to its location, the Playa de la Malagueta is an excellent place to enjoy the sunrise in the morning. The combination of the rising sun and the palm trees produces beautiful holiday snaps. On the beach you have access to all necessary facilities such as showers and public toilets. For a fee you can use the available sunbeds and umbrellas.

#10. Malaga Museum

Museo de Málaga was created in 1973 with the merger of the provincial Museum of Fine Arts and the provincial Archaeological Museum. The fine arts department mainly features works by painters such as Manuel Ángeles Ortiz, Jose Nogales Sevilla, Antonio del Castillo and Leon Bonnat. The archaeological department has more works from antiquity. Here you can, for example, admire ivory plaques from Roman theaters or view the bones of a Neanderthal up close. In short, a fascinating and educational museum with various objects. Recently, the Museo de Málaga has been established in Palacio de la Aduana. This beautiful neoclassical building on the port of Málaga has had various functions over the centuries. At the end of the eighteenth century, the design and construction started. It has served as a customs house, a tobacco factory, a municipal office and now a museum of fine arts.

Malaga, Spain

]]>
US 62 and 63 in Missouri https://www.ehistorylib.com/us-62-and-63-in-missouri.html Sun, 30 Oct 2022 04:58:01 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1445 US 62 in Missouri
US 62
Begin Campbell
End Cairo
Length 87 mi
Length 140 km
Route
Arkansas

Campbell

Malden

New Madrid

Sikeston

Charleston

Illinois

According to Iamaccepted, US 62 is a US Highway in the US state of Missouri. The road forms an east-west route in the extreme southeast of the state and is largely double-numbered with US 60 and US 61. The road is 140 kilometers long.

Travel directions

US 60/62 at Wilson City.

At Campbell, US 62 in Arkansas enters the state of Missouri from Pocahontas into the wide Mississippi River valley, although the river itself flows for about 60 miles to the east. The road heads east through Malden and merges with US 61 just before New Madrid, the road out of Blytheville. It then crosses Interstate 55 twice and the road continues north for 30 kilometers to Sikeston. At Sikeston, US 62 exchanges US 61 for US 60, the 2×2 divided highway from Poplar Bluff. Both roads are then double-numbered for the rest of the route in Missouri and run to the east, at first parallel to Interstate 57, after which the road crosses the Mississippi River at Cairo and US 62 in Illinois continues through Cairo to Paducah in Kentucky.

History

US 62 was added to the US Highway network in 1930. In 1929, the Cairo Mississippi River Bridge opened to traffic, over which US 60 and US 62 run. US 62 is of no particular importance to the state of Missouri. Part of it runs parallel to I-55 and I-57, so the route has no through importance except on the western part.

Traffic intensities

Every day 1,400 vehicles cross the border into Arkansas, which increases to 2,900 vehicles in New Madrid. There are 4,000 vehicles and 2,800 vehicles on the US 60 dual-numbering route to Sikeston. 3,000 vehicles cross the Illinois border every day.

US 63 in Missouri

US 63
Get started Thayer
End Lancaster
Length 339 mi
Length 545 km
Route
Arkansas

West Plains

Willow Springs

Cabool

licking

rolla

Jefferson City

columbia

Moberly

Macon

Kirksville

Lancaster

According to acronymmonster.com, US 63 is a US Highway in the US state of Missouri. The road forms a north-south route through the east and center of the state, passing through Jefferson City and Columbia, and is a major main route especially north of Jefferson City. The road is 545 kilometers long.

Travel directions

At Thayer in the Ozark Mountains, US 63 in Arkansas enters Missouri from Jonesboro and then heads northwest to the West Plains 25 miles away. There you cross the US 160. After this, US 63 has 2×2 lanes and heads north, through the Mark Twain National Forest. This is a sloping area with hills up to about 400 meters. In Willow Springs, US 63 merges with US 60. Both roads are then double-numbered for about 15 miles until Cabool, where US 63 heads north, and US 60 turns west toward Springfield. After this, US 63 is again a single-lane main road and begins a 100-kilometer route to Rolla.

The US 63.

This area is hilly and fairly densely wooded. You pass through a few villages before crossing Interstate 44 at Rolla. Then US 63 continues northwest and crosses the Gasconade River, one of the major tributaries of the Missouri River. This area is also hilly, although the differences in height are limited. However, there is a lot of forest and small river valleys. Just before Jefferson City, US 63 merges with US 50. Both roads then cross the Osage River and have 2×2 lanes. On the outskirts of Jefferson City, the capital of Missouri, the road becomes a freeway. In downtown Jefferson City, US 63 exits north along with US 54from Springfield. One then crosses the Missouri River, which is wide here. Shortly afterwards, US 63 turns off US 54, which continues as a highway to Fulton and Mexico. US 63 then heads north to the city of Columbia.

This road also has 2×2 lanes and you soon reach the city of Columbia, which is the largest place between Kansas City and St. Louis. US 63 bypasses Columbia as a highway. Halfway through you cross the Interstate 70. North of Columbia, US 63 is a 2×2 divided highway and passes through hilly terrain for a while before reaching the flatter northern Missouri. The road runs for about 60 kilometers to Moberly, where it crosses US 24. There are a number of reservoirs in this area and US 63 passes through vast meadows. About 40 kilometers north at Macon you cross the US 36. The US 63 then has 2×2 lanes until Kirksville, which is 50 kilometers north. Then the road narrows to a single carriageway. Just before the border with Iowa one crosses the US 136. US 63 in Iowa then continues to Ottumwa.

History

US 63 was created in 1926. The Missouri route was not a major thoroughfare, so no Interstate Highway was built parallel to it. Only the section from Jefferson City to Kirksville is of more through importance and is therefore four-lane, with some short highway sections. The first Jefferson City Bridge opened in August 1955, followed by the second in 1991. Overtaking lanes have been built in some areas in southern Missouri.

Traffic intensities

10,000 vehicles cross the Arkansas border every day, which will remain stable until the end of double-numbering with the US 60 at Cabool. After that, 5,000 vehicles drive towards Rolla and 4,000 to 8,000 vehicles north of Rolla to US 50. The double-numbered US 50 has 14,000 vehicles and 23,000 vehicles between Jefferson City and Columbia. North of Columbia, 12,000 vehicles drive to Moberly and 8,500 to Macon. Up to Kirksville, 6,000 vehicles drive and 2,000 vehicles cross the Iowa border daily.

US 63 in Missouri

]]>
Garden State Parkway, New Jersey https://www.ehistorylib.com/garden-state-parkway-new-jersey.html Fri, 28 Oct 2022 18:19:15 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1442  

SR-444
Get started Cape May
End nanuet
Length 172 mi
Length 277 km
Route
0 Cape May

4 Wildwood

6 Burleigh

9 Cape May Courthouse

10 Stone Harbor

13 Avalon

17 Sea Isle City

20 Seaville

25 Marmora

29 Ocean City

30 Somers Point

36 Pleasantville

38 Atlantic City Expressway

40 Absecon

41 Pomona

44 Port Republic

48

50 Bass River

52 Bass River State Forest

58 Tuckerton

63 Manahawkin

67 Barnegat

69 Ocean

74 Forked River

77 Berkeley

80 Toms River

81 Toms River

82 Seaside Heights

83

89 Brick

90 Lakewood

91 Point Pleasant

98 → Trenton

100 Neptune City

102 Ocean Grove

105 → New Brunswick

109 Lincroft

114 Middletown

116 Garden State Art Center

117 Keyport

118 Strathmore

120 Laurence Harbor

123 South Amboy

125 South Amboy

127 → Edison / Staten Island

128 Fords

129 → Washington / New York

131 Woodbridge

132 Colonia

135 Clark

136 Winfield

137 Elizabeth

138 Kenilworth

140 Union

142 → Allentown / New York

143 Irvington

144 Newark

145 → Parsippany / Newark

147 East Orange

148 Forest Hill

149 Bloomfield

151 Montclair

153 Clifton

154 → Paterson

156 Passaic

157 Teterboro

159 → Cleveland / New York

160 Rochelle Park

161 → Teaneck / Wyckoff

163 → Teaneck / Mahwah

165 Oradell

171 Park Ridge

172 Park Ridge

→ New York / Albany

According to existingcountries, the Garden State Parkway is a parkway in the US state of New Jersey. The highway is a toll road and runs parallel to the urbanized coast of New Jersey, from Cape May to Nanuet in New York. Along the way, the many small coastal towns that form a conurbation and the western suburbs of New York are visited. The entire route is 277 kilometers long, making it the longest road in New Jersey.

Travel directions

The Garden State Parkway at Roselle Park.

The interchange between the Garden State Parkway and State Route 440.

The junction with State Route 17 in Paramus.

The Garden State Parkway begins at Cape May, the southernmost town in New Jersey, and then travels 45 kilometers into Cape May County. The highway here has 2×2 lanes and runs over a peninsula with dense forest. There are many small towns in the area, the more densely built-up barrier islands are a bit further from the Garden State Parkway. Numerous wetlands and tidal swamps connect the barrier islands to the Garden State Parkway. Large parts of the Garden State Parkway have a broad wooded median strip.

At Ocean City, one crosses the Great Egg Harbor, a lagoon, via the Great Egg Harbor Bridge. One then enters Atlantic County, the Garden State Parkway covers about 35 kilometers in it. Pretty soon, from Somers Point, the Garden State Parkway has 2×3 lanes and heads a little further inland here, further from the urbanized coastal region around Atlantic City. There follows a cloverleaf with the Atlantic City Expressway. Also in Atlantic County, large parts of the Garden State Parkway have a wooded median strip.

The Garden State Parkway then briefly passes through Burlington County, part of this section coincident with US 9, as the Garden State Parkway is the only bridge over the Mullica River in the area. Next, the Garden State Parkway travels over 60 miles through Ocean County. Southern Ocean County is more sparsely populated, with the region’s population density and suburbanization increasing to the north. The Garden State Parkway has 2×3 lanes continuously through Ocean County. The main place on this part of the route is Toms River.

The Garden State Parkway then travels 40 miles in Monmouth County, a highly urbanized region, both on the coast and further inland, around the Garden State Parkway. Near Belmar, Interstate 195 from Trenton terminates at the Garden State Parkway. From the Ocean County border, the highway has 2×4 lanes, but the Garden State Parkway retains its broad wooded median strip through much of Monmouth County. From Eatontown, where State Route 18 connects, a parallel structure with 3+2+2+3 lanes begins, from Keyport 3+3+3+3 lanes. This part of the highway also often has a wide median strip.

The Garden State Parkway then covers 25 kilometers through Middlesex County. This is a densely populated region with a few larger cities. At Perth Amboy you cross the Raritan River via the Driscoll Bridge. The highway here is very wide with 4+4+7 lanes. US 9’s adjacent Edison Bridge has an additional 2×3 lanes, so 21 lanes cross the Raritan River at the site. Immediately after, complex interchanges with State Route 440 and the New Jersey Turnpike follow. The parallel structure also ends at the New Jersey Turnpike in Woodbridge, after which the highway has 2×5 lanes through continuously built-up areas.

In Union County, the Garden State Parkway travels about 9 miles, this section has 2×5 lanes until the interchange with Interstate 78. The highway here forms a western bypass of Elizabeth, the surrounding area is mostly residential. At Union there is an interchange with I-78. The Garden State Parkway then travels 10 miles through Essex County, somewhat on the border of the older, more populous cities to the east and the more sparsely populated and more wooded suburbs to the west. From I-78, the highway has 2×4 lanes and passes through western Newark. At East Orange there is a junction with Interstate 280, after this the Garden State Parkway has 2×3 lanes. The Garden State Parkway then leads through a series of small suburbs that have grown together.

The Garden State Parkway then leads 7 kilometers through Passaic County, this part is highly urbanized and passes the city of Paterson. The highway here has 2×3 lanes and has interchanges with State Route 3, State Route 19 and State Route 21. One then crosses the Passaic River, which also forms the border with Bergen County, the last county on the route in New Jersey. The Garden State Parkway spans more than 20 miles through Bergen County, with denser older suburbs giving way to more sparsely built suburbs further north. The main interchange here is with Interstate 80, but there are also connections to State Route 4 and State Route 208. The Garden State Parkway has 2×3 lanes until Westwood, after that there are 2×2 lanes, the highway gets its parkway character again. After Park Ridge the border with New York State follows, the Garden State Parkway ends 4 kilometers away at an interchange with Interstate 87 and Interstate 287.

History

According to Anycountyprivateschools, in 1945, the construction of a 165-mile parkway was approved to run south from northern New Jersey along the coast, numbered State Route 4. The parkway had to be built because parallel roads such as US 1 and US 9 were approved. were overloaded.

Construction of the highway began in 1947, but due to lack of funding, the highway had only progressed for 18 miles by 1950; mile 8 to mile 12, mile 80 to mile 83 and mile 129 to mile 140. In 1952 the road came under the management of the New Jersey Highway Authority, and construction accelerated. In 1954, 130 miles opened up between Irvington and Manahawkin. In 1955, 265 kilometers had been completed between Cape May and Paramus. On August 25, 1957, the highway was completed with the construction of the last 12 miles between Paramus and Interstate 87. The Garden State Parkway’s designs resembled those of the Pennsylvania Turnpike, which was based on 1930s German Autobahnen, with a view similar to the one on the Merritt Parkwayin Connecticut so that drivers could drive through a beautiful landscape with many trees. The speed limit on the parkway is only 100 kilometers per hour, and trucks are not allowed to use the northern portion of the parkway, as is customary on parkways.

Over the years, portions of the Garden State Parkway have been significantly widened, most notably the section between Belmar and the New Jersey Turnpike, where a complete parallel 4×3 lane structure has been constructed over 40 miles. Part of this is the Driscoll Bridge, one of the widest bridges in the world with 15 lanes. The Driscoll Bridge was already widened in 1972 with a second span, a third bridge followed in 2006 so that 4+4+7 lanes were possible, plus the 2×3 lanes of the adjacent Edison Bridge.

Before 1995, the Garden State Parkway was widened to 2×4 lanes as far as Point Pleasant from the north, and 2×3 lanes further to Toms River. Between 2010 and 2017, the Garden State Parkway was widened further south to 2×3 lanes in phases over a 50-mile (80 km) stretch between Point Pleasant and Toms River.

Farther north in the urbanized region of New Jersey, the Garden State Parkway is also wide, tapering gradually from 2×5 to 2×3 lanes. These parts were already widened before 1995, when exactly is not known. The urban section in Northern New Jersey was constructed in the 1950s and the design of the highway here differs little from other expressways built in the region at the time, this section does not have the parkway character as further south along the coast.

Opening history

From Unpleasant Length Date
mp8 exit 12 6 km 00-00-1950
exit 80 Exit 83 5 km 00-00-1950
Exit 129 (NJ Tpk) Exit 140 (I-78) 18 km 00-00-1950
Exit 83 Exit 129 (NJ Tpk) 74 km 00-08-1954
exit 63 exit 80 27 km 00-08-1954
exit 0 mp 8 13 km 00-10-1954
exit 12 exit 63 82 km 00-10-1954
Exit 140 (I-78) Exit 165 40 km 01-07-1955
Exit 165 Exit 177 (I-87) 19 km 25-08-1957

Toll

The Garden State Parkway is a toll road, operated by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. Unlike the New Jersey Turnpike, the Garden State Parkway has an open toll system with periodic toll stations. On September 13, 2020, the toll rates were increased by 27%.

Traffic intensities

Mile Location 2007
0 Cape May 10,000
5 wildwood 25,000
8 Cape May Court House 32,000
13 Avalon 28,000
19 Seaville 33,000
24 marble 30,000
30 Somers Point 35,000
33 Linwood 48,000
37 Atlantic City Expressway 63,000
46 Port Republic 52,000
51 Bass River 46,000
58 Tuckerton 43,000
66 Barnegat 59,000
72 Forked River 73,000
79 South Toms River 87,000
82 Toms River 121,000
88 Lake Riviera 123,000
92 Point Pleasant 116,000
99 Interstate 195 158,000
104 Neptune 160,000
108 Lincroft 66,000
113 Middletown 98,000
120 Aberdeen 104,000
125 Driscoll Bridge 240,000
126 Interstate 287 235,000
129 Woodbridge 212,000
140 Kenilworth 226,000
145 Interstate 280 215,000
150 Bloomfield 161,000
153 State Route 3 148,000
159 Interstate 80 94,000
162 State Route 4 141,000
166 border with New York 85,000

Lane Configuration

The Garden State Parkway at the Atlantic City Expressway.

From Unpleasant Lanes
exit 0 Exit 30 2×2
Exit 30 exit 90 2×3
exit 90 Exit 100 2×4
Exit 100 Exit 105 2×5
Exit 105 Exit 117 3+2+2+3
Exit 117 Exit 124 4×3
Exit 124 Exit 127 (I-287) 2×8
Exit 127 (I-287) Exit 129 (I-95) 4+5
Exit 129 (I-95) Exit 142 (I-78) 2×5
Exit 142 (I-78) Exit 145 (I-280) 2×4
Exit 145 (I-280) Exit 172 2×3

Garden State Parkway, New Jersey

]]>
Hawaii History https://www.ehistorylib.com/hawaii-history.html Fri, 28 Oct 2022 03:57:24 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1436 Reconstructed Polynesian Sailing Canoe in Honolulu Harbor

Iolani Palace in Honolulu, the only former royal palace in the United States

According to a2zcamerablog, Hawaii has been known since about 400 AD. inhabited by Polynesians, probably from the Marquesas Islands. Later groups would be about 1100 AD. from around Tahiti. Both groups were very good navigators using large sailing canoes. The islands and their population would remain isolated from the rest of the world for centuries.

Although it is quite possible that the Spaniards have already seen the islands in the 16th century, the islands are just north of the route of the Manila Galleon, James Cook is the official European discoverer of the islands (1778, during his third world tour). which he named the Sandwich Islands after the then First Lord of the Admiralty, Lord Sandwich (1718-1792).

Kingdom of Hawaii

In 1810, under the influence of contacts with Europeans, King Kamehameha I united all previously often hostile islands to form the Kingdom of Hawaii. This was done violently with the help of European weapons. Only Kauai joined the kingdom voluntarily. Over time, the archipelago became a constitutional monarchy with a parliament.

Under King Kamehameha II, the old caste system with the kapu (taboo) system was abolished in 1819. From then on, women were allowed to eat together with men or to eat food that was previously forbidden to them. Human sacrifices were banned and strict rules regarding high persons were relaxed. These changes were encouraged by Keōpūolani, the mother of Kamehameha II, and Kaahumanu. Both women were wives of Kamehameha I. Also the Hawaiian religion (including the gods Pele and Kupua) was abolished, although adherents can still be found. This policy was reinforced by the arrival of the first American Protestant missionaries in 1820. The Hawaiian kings pursued a policy of hospitality to foreigners, while playing the English against the Americans. For example, despite its strategic location, the archipelago managed to remain an independent state for most of the 19th century . There were, however, a few short-lived invasions by the British and French.

Revolution & annexation

In 1842, a trade treaty was signed between the Kingdom of Hawaii and the United States. The American missionaries and plantation owners began to demand more say, advocating for annexation by the United States. In 1893, a number of American sugar planters staged a coup, placed Queen Liliuokalani under arrest and opened the door for American conscription. When it became clear that US President-elect Grover Cleveland was against annexation, outgoing President Benjamin Harrison attemptedquickly push an annexation law through parliament. The Senate did not rush, however, and was still pending the bill when the handover took place in Washington on March 4, 1893. A week later, Cleveland withdrew the law.

Hawaii was a republic between 1893 and 1898. However, in 1895 the Wilcox Rebellion took place in which supporters of Liliuokalani tried to restore the monarchy. Cleveland was defeated in the 1897 election and Republicans returned to government. However, when President McKinley was in no hurry to annex Hawaii, Under Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt invented an incident involving a Japanese cruiser on March 22, 1898, prompting McKinley to spring into action. The Annexation Act was ratified on July 7, 1898, and from April 30, 1900, the area belonged to the United States as the Territory of Hawaii. Due to the strategic location of the islands, the naval base Pearl Harbor was established in 1899.

Over time, Hawaii’s main source of income shifted from sandalwood exports to whaling, sugarcane, pineapple, and finally tourism. To work in agriculture, many workers came to Hawaii from the 19th century on, successively from Japan, China, the Philippines and Portugal.

From 1941

The burning USS West Virginia during the attack on Pearl Harbor.

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (on the island of O’ahu) on December 7, 1941 by the Imperial Japanese Navy drew the United States into World War II. The Japanese population on the islands was mistrusted and many were detained in camps as a preventive measure. There were also many Japanese Americans who went into the military. The 442nd Infantry Regiment and the 100th Infantry Battalion were made up almost entirely of Japanese Americans, the majority of whom came from Hawaii. The 100th Infantry Battalion would go down in history as the most honored battalion nicknamed The purple heart brigade. Nearly one in three of its infantrymen would not survive the war.

The islands remained a US Territory until 1959. Meanwhile, the original population had become a minority (23% in 2000) and decided to become a US state (94.3% of the population voted), which happened on August 21, 1959. After this, strong political and economic reforms took place and tourism really took off. Only the island of Niihau has retained its original character. It is entirely privately owned and not accessible to outsiders except by invitation.

Hawaii History

]]>
Interstate 85 and 885 in North Carolina https://www.ehistorylib.com/interstate-85-and-885-in-north-carolina.html Thu, 27 Oct 2022 15:32:57 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1440 North Carolina Interstate 85 Business
I-85 Bus.
Get started Lexington
End greensboro
Length 44 mi
Length 70 km
Route
→ Charlotte

84 Linwood

85 Green Needles Road

86 Salisbury Road

87 → Winston Salem

Old US 64

mocksville

Winston Road

Asheboro

Lexington Avenue

Thomasville

National Highway

Old Thomasville Road

Prospect Street

West Green Drive

Surrett Drive

Main Street (High Point)

→ Winston-Salem / Asheboro

Baker Road

Kivett Drive

Vickery Chapel Road

118 → Charlotte

119 Groometown Road

120 → Greensboro Urban Loop

34 Holden Road

35 Coliseum

35C Rehobeth Road

219 → Winston Salem

220 Randleman Road

221 South Elm-Eugene Street

222 Martin Luther King Jr. drive

223 Reidsville

224 Lee Street

226 McConnell Road

227

According to watchtutorials, Interstate 85 Business is a Business Route of Interstate 85 in North Carolina. The route forms a 70-kilometer connection between near Lexington and near Greensboro. I-85 Business is double-numbered with other roads, primarily US 29, but also I-40, I-85, and US 52.

Travel directions

I-85 Business begins southwest of the city of Lexington, where Interstate 85 branches out of Charlotte onto a parallel route. The first few miles before Lexington coincides with US 52. This is a relatively modern freeway with 2×2 lanes. On the west side of Lexington, I-85 Business branches off and follows US 29 and US 70, a 2×2 lane expressway with grade separated connections but many substandard features. Along Lexington, I-85 Business is also double -numbered with US 64.

After Lexington, US 29/70 is a level divided highway with only incidental grade separations. However, this part is free-flow, there are no traffic lights, only irregular intersections. The expressway bypasses Thomasville to the north and continues through a wooded area with relatively many buildings. The passage through High Point is completely grade separated, although the interchange with Interstate 74 only goes through traffic lights. Both I-85 Business and I-74 intersect at grade separations. Between High Point and the merging with I-85 are two traffic lights.

The last part to Greensboro first coincides with Interstate 85 for a short while, this part has 2×5 lanes. At the interchange with Interstate 73, I-85 exits, after which I-85 Business only merges with US 29 and US 70. This portion to I-40 in Greensboro is a 2×3 lane freeway. From Downtown Greensboro, I-85 Business merges with Interstate 40 to its eastern interchange with the Greensboro Urban Loop, the city’s ring road.

History

According to Citypopulationreview, from the 1930s, a modern highway was developed between Charlotte and Durham, consisting of several diversions and 2×2 lanes, but it was not a real freeway. In 1938 a diversion of Kannapolis and China Grove opened. The Lexington bypass opened in 1949 and the Lexington-Thomasville section in 1952. The section between Thomasville, High Point and Greensboro was also completed in 1955. This was the first modern double-lane road in North Carolina, a state that was still rural in character at the time, the cities were still small at the time.

Later, Interstate 85 was built on the same corridor. The dual carriageway of US 29 between Charlotte and Greensboro proved unsuitable for reconstruction into Interstate Highway. That’s why I-85 was built parallel to US 29 in the 1960s and early 1970s. In 1973, I-85 was “completed” in North Carolina, but was signposted as “Temp I-85” from 1961 between Lexington and High Point. Between 1980 and 1984, I-85 was built over a new route, parallel to US 29. When the new I-85 was opened, the old route was signposted as I-85 Business.

Later, the Greensboro Urban Loop was realized, a ring road around Greensboro, which opened in 2004 on the southeast side of the city. I-85 was then routed over this, the old route of I-85 through Greensboro has since been signposted as I-85 Business.

Traffic intensities

Every day, 29,000 to 36,000 vehicles drive the portion that coincides with US 52 on the west side of Lexington, then 20,000 to 22,000 vehicles drive on the Lexington Bypass, 15,000 vehicles between Lexington and Thomasville, and 18,000 vehicles between Thomasville and High Point. The High Point bypass has 22,000 to 27,000 vehicles per day and 22,000 to 32,000 vehicles daily on the section between I-74 and I-85 at High Point.

The second section at Greensboro has 43,000 to 48,000 vehicles between I-73 and I-40, 134,000 vehicles along Greensboro, and 68,000 to 73,000 vehicles east of Greensboro to the Greensboro Urban Loop.

Interstate 885 in North Carolina

I-885
Begin Durham
End Durham
Length 12 mi
Length 19 km
Route
1 → Raleigh Beltway

2 Davis Drive

3 Hopkins Road

5 → Greensboro / Raleigh

6 East Cornwallis Road

7 T.W. Alexander Drive

8 Ellis Road

9 → Durham

10 → Raleigh

11 Holloway Street

12 Cheek Road

13 → Greensboro / Richmond

Interstate 885 or I -885, also known as the East End Connector, is an Interstate Highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina. I-885 forms the east bypass of Durham and is 12 miles long.

Travel directions

Interstate 885 begins as NC-885 toll road in Triangle Research Park at an interchange with State Route 540, which forms Raleigh ‘s beltway. The highway heads north in 2×3 lanes through Research Triangle Park, a large office park in the woods between Raleigh and Durham. There is a junction with Interstate 40, after which the route enters the city of Durham as Interstate 885. In south Durham, I-885 exits and State Route 147 continues straight as a freeway through downtown Durham. I-885 then forms Durham’s eastern bypass, with an interchange with US 70 and a terminus at Interstate 85 on the northeast side of Durham.

History

Interstate 885 was created in 2022 when the East End Connector was completed and existing State Route 147 and US 70 were renumbered as I-885.

The northern portion of the East End Connector was constructed as part of US 70, between Miami Boulevard and I-85. Originally both the NC-147 and the East End Connector were part of the same project, a decision was made in 1982, but in the end there was only money for the NC-147. However, a junction between the NC-147 and the East End Connector has always been considered.

The original portion of the East End Connector is believed to have opened in this area at the same time as I-85, circa the early 1960s. This was called the US 70 Bypass Route and was little more than a spurfrom I-85, the interchange with I-85 was only accessible to and from the west at the time, and there was only a connection with Holloway Street before the freeway became US 70 (Miami Boulevard). A connection with Geer Street was added in the 1990s, which was canceled again with the conversion of the interchange with I-85 in the period 2002-2005. As an alternative, the connection with Cheek Road was constructed around 2002. Originally, the East End Connector was signposted as the US 70 Bypass. The number I-885 appeared on engineering drawings (signage plan) of the project and was later approved for the entire route between I-40 and I-85 along the east side of Durham. It then extended further south to I-540/SR-540, where the toll road section was numbered as the ‘Toll NC-885’.

The southern section was originally constructed as State Route 147, a freeway through downtown Durham and connecting to Research Triangle Park. NC-147 was built from Durham to Interstate 40 southeast of Durham in 1974. On December 8, 2011, a southerly extension opened as a toll road between I-40 and I-540, North Carolina’s first toll road.

With the extension of the East End Connector to the SR-147 (3 km), the number I-885 has been assigned to the new and existing East End Connector. The project began in September 2014 and cost $182 million. The formal ‘groundbreaking’ was on April 22, 2015. The completion of the project has been pushed back several times, originally the highway was to be opened in 2019, but has been delayed. On October 23, 2020, 4 kilometers of the new highway opened on the section that coincides with US 70 in Durham. The section between State Route 147 and US 70 on the southeast side of Durham finally opened on June 30, 2022.

Opening history

van nasty length datum
US 70 I-85 3,9 km 00-00-196x
I-40 SR-147 8,4 km 00-00-1974
I-540 I-40 5,0 km 08-12-2011
US 70 US 70 0,5 km 23-10-2020
SR-147 US 70 1,5 km 30-06-2022

Tol

The southernmost portion of State Route 147 between I-40 and NC-540 is a toll road called the Triangle Expressway. The toll collection is fully electronic, the local transponder NC Quick Pass is accepted, as well as SunPass and E-ZPass.

Traffic intensities

12,000 to 15,000 vehicles drive daily on the toll road section between I-540 and I-40 in Research Triangle Park. After that, 55,000 to 60,000 vehicles will drive as far as SR-147 in south Durham. On the northern end of I-85 there are 45,000 vehicles per day.

Interstate 885 in North Carolina

]]>
US 259 and 270 in Oklahoma https://www.ehistorylib.com/us-259-and-270-in-oklahoma.html Wed, 26 Oct 2022 12:15:41 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1438 US 259 ​​in Oklahoma
US 259
Get started Harris
End Page
Length 99 mi
Length 159 km
Route
Texas

Idabel

Page

According to act-test-centers, US 259 ​​is a US Highway in the US state of Oklahoma. The road forms a north-south route in the southeast of the state and runs from the Texas border through Idabel to the intersection with US 59 in Page. The route is 159 kilometers long.

Travel directions

At the village of Harris, the road crosses the Red River, which also marks the border between Texas and Oklahoma. US 259 ​​in Texas comes from Longview. The road then heads northwest through the wide valley of the Red River to the town of Idabel, where the road is double -numbered for a short while with US 70. The double numbering has 2×2 lanes. After Broken Bow you enter the Ouachita Mountains, a mountainous area with a lot of forest. There are virtually no villages or intersecting roads here. You then have to cross a number of steep ridges, up to about 600 meters. The road then ends just west of Page on US 59.

History

US 259 ​​was added to the network in 1963. The late addition is mainly because the road north of Broken Bow was not built until about 1962.

Traffic intensities

The road is pretty quiet, in 2006 there were about 2,400 vehicles between Texas and Idabel, and 8,700 on the double-numbered US 70. North of that, through the Ouachita Mountains, only 1,500 vehicles drove.

US 270 in Oklahoma

US 270
Get started liberal
End Page
Length 459 mi
Length 739 km
Route
liberal

Turpin

Forgan

Elmwood

laverne

Woodward

Seiling

Watonga

Geary

Geary – Shawnee:

Shawnee

Seminole

Holdenville

Calvin

McAlester

Wister

Heavener

Page

Arkansas

According to liuxers, US 270 is a US Highway in the US state of Oklahoma. The road forms an east-west route between Liberal in Kansas and the Arkansas border at Page, passing through the cities of Oklahoma City and Shawnee. The route is 739 kilometers long.

Travel directions

Western Oklahoma

Confluence with I-40 west of Oklahoma City.

The road begins at the Kansas border, near Liberal. US 270 in Kansas runs just a few miles into Liberal, where it connects to US 54. The road runs due south and is double-numbered with US 83. Near the village of Turpin, the road turns east and joins US 64, which exits Guymon to the west. US 83 continues south towards Shamrock in Texas. The road then runs straight to the east for miles, over the High Plains that slowly merge into the Plains. In Forgan the road turns south onto US 64continues straight towards Enid. At Beaver, it crosses the river of the same name, whereupon the road turns east after 30 kilometers, becoming double-numbered with US 412, which comes from Guymon and Boise City to the west. The road then runs straight east for about 40 miles, passing through farmland and prairies. Then follows the intersection with US 283, the road from Altus to Dodge City in Kansas. US 183 also inserts into Fort Supply, creating a triple numbering. This continues until the small town of Woodward, where US 412 to Enid exits to the east. US 183 and US 270 then run southeast along the North Canadian River.

After about 50 kilometers you reach the village of Seiling, an important crossroads in the region. US 183 turns south to Clinton, and it also crosses US 60, the road from Amarillo to Enid, and US 281, the road from Alva to the north. US 281 and US 270 are then double-numbered together as they run southeast along the Canadian River. In Geary, US 281 to Anadarko and Lawton turns south, and US 270 briefly regains its own unique route. However, this only takes about 25 kilometers, at Calumet the road merges with Interstate 40.

Oklahoma City

see Interstate 40 in Oklahoma for the main topic.

Eastern Oklahoma

In Shawnee, east of Oklahoma City, the road again turns off I-40 and joins US 177 south. In Tecumseh, the road turns east and crosses US 377 at Seminolke, the road from Ada to Stroud on I-44. The road then runs through the agricultural areas of central Oklahoma to the southeast. You pass Holdenville and after 50 kilometers you join the US 75, the road from Tulsa. Both roads are then double-numbered for about 15 kilometres, and together they cross the Canadian River. Then US 270 turns east and continues east for 30 miles to the town of McAlester. On the west side of McAlester one crosses theIndian Nation Turnpike, the turnpike from Hugo to Henryetta and Tulsa. The road then passes through McAlester and intersects US 69, the road from Durant to Muskogee, which is mostly a highway. One then enters a somewhat more hilly area, and then 100 long kilometers to the east, through a wide valley of the Ouachita Mountains. One then crosses US 271, the road from Hugo to Fort Smith, before joining Heavener at US 59, the state’s easternmost north-south route. Both roads are then double-numbered for the rest of the route in Oklahoma. US 259 ​​ends in page, the road from Idabel in the south. After 15 kilometers you reach the border withArkansas. US 270 in Arkansas then continues towards Hot Springs.

History

US 270 was added to the network in 1930. The route then began in Harrah, Oklahoma on US 62, just east of Oklahoma City. The route was extended west to Watonga in 1932 and to Forgan in 1935. In 1938, the route was extended to Syracuse, Kansas and shortened in 1982 to its current starting point in Liberal, Kansas, on the Oklahoma border. Part of US 270 in Oklahoma City has been replaced by Interstate 40 in Oklahoma.

Traffic intensities

The double-numbered US 83 counts about 6,300 vehicles per day on the Kansas border, but only 1,200 are left when the road turns east. The double numbering with US 412 counts about 2,100 vehicles per day, which slowly increases to 4,700 at Woodward. The double numbering with the US 183 has 3,000 vehicles per day, and a similar number travels over the double numbering with the US 281. For the I-40, only 690 vehicles drive per day.

When the road turns off I-40, double-numbering US 177 at Shawnee, it counts about 14,500 vehicles, but that quickly drops to about 3,000 vehicles further east. The double numbering with the US 75 only has 1,700 vehicles, and 2,700 vehicles drive towards McAlester every 24 hours. The road between McAlester and Page is quiet with between 2,000 and 4,000 vehicles per day.

US 270 in Oklahoma

]]>
Thailand Geography and Economy https://www.ehistorylib.com/thailand-geography-and-economy.html Fri, 26 Aug 2022 11:04:35 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1411 Natural conditions of Thailand

Thailand consists of three basic geographical areas. The center of the country is filled by the floodplain of the Chao Phraya (Menam) River, representing the most densely populated part of the country. The area suffers from regular seasonal flooding. The entire eastern part is occupied by the low Korat plateau with sandstone hills, bordered on the west and south along the border with Cambodia by the low Dangrek ridge and the spurs of the Kardamon Mountains (up to 1650 m). Its eastern border with Laos is the Mekong River. The vast and rugged mountainous region in the north continues with a chain of mountain ranges along the border with Burma to the narrow isthmus of the Kra Malay Peninsula. On the western side, the Phuket mountain range slopes steeply into the Andaman Sea. The eastern coast, along the Gulf of Thailand (Siam), is milder and is lined with hundreds of sandy beaches along its entire length. Both coasts are lined with beautiful islands: the largest is Phuket.

According to Citypopulationreview, Thailand has a tropical monsoon climate; most of the annual rainfall falls between May and September. The highest (around 3000 mm) are on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula, the lowest (over 1000 mm) on the Korat Plateau.

Agricultural activity has caused a great loss of forests, which now only make up a little more than 25% of the land area. Contiguous surfaces are in hard-to-reach areas in the north. Heavy teak wood and rubber trees grow in them. Deforestation and hunting have reduced wildlife populations considerably. Leopards and tigers are endangered, rhinoceroses and tapirs have almost disappeared. Only monkeys, birds and reptiles are numerous.

Economy of Thailand

Thailand is one of the most dynamically developing countries in the world. Less than half of the active population already works in agriculture, a significant part on extensive rice fields. Rice is the staple crop, but Thailand is also the world’s largest producer of cassava, pineapples and the 4th largest producer of sugar cane. Corn, bananas, coconut palms, groundnuts, jute and soybeans and beans are also grown. Mountain peoples in northern Thailand (in the area of ​​the so-called golden triangle) traditionally grow poppies and produce opium. Recently there have been attempts to introduce the cultivation of alternative cash crops such as tea and tobacco. Cattle and buffalo are mainly used for draft, pigs and poultry are raised for meat. Both marine and freshwater fish form a major part of the Thai diet. In fishing, Thailand ranks 9th in the world. Logging and rubber production are important.

Thailand is one of the important producers of tin, ores of zinc, lead, tungsten and rare minerals of tantalum, zircon, niobium and titanium (ilmenite) are also mined, as well as limestone and gypsum in large quantities. There are also numerous deposits of precious and semi-precious stones in the country. The most important fuel is natural gas extracted from the sea shelf, lower is oil and lignite extraction. Industry is already a decisive sector and produces energy equipment, motorcycles, electronics, cement, artificial fertilizers and fibres, traditionally sugar, fish and wood products, textiles, clothing and footwear for export. With the exception of the food industry, the decisive capacities of the industry are concentrated in the agglomeration of the capital Bangkok-Thonburi. Tourism is a very important source of income. Every year, 5 million tourists visit the country, attracted by its beautiful beaches and nightlife.

Bangkok is the center of the radial transport system. Despite the great development, the railway network is not enough to meet the demands. Transport along rivers and canals is traditional. Only Bangkok with an important international airport is a significant port. The regular air connection has 25 seats.

Broadcasting of radio and television is controlled by the government, several radio and television stations are owned by the military. More than 30 dailies are published, some of which are in Chinese.

The social security system is insufficient, some help is provided to the poorest. The government is trying to provide basic medical care in the country, but there are still major health problems. Education is compulsory and free for children aged 7 to 15, the level of education is high.

Thailand Geography

]]>
Milan Travel Tips https://www.ehistorylib.com/milan-travel-tips.html Thu, 18 Aug 2022 17:50:13 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1400 The best time to go to Milan

If you ask Italians in the rest of Italy, Milan is always grey, wet and mostly foggy.

That is only partly true. Although it can rain all year round in Milan, the months of October, November and April have the most rainy days .

From November to March , the fog is particularly common and can be so dense that you can hardly see the other side of the street. So not exactly ideal for sightseeing.

In summer, on the other hand, it can get very humid. The months of July and August are particularly hot , with temperatures exceeding 35 degrees.

Our tip for the best time to travel to Milan is definitely autumn and spring . In the months of May to June and September to October there is a good balance of as few rainy days as possible and pleasant temperatures.

Arrival to Milan

According to Allcitycodes, Milan is very well connected and you can easily reach the city with any means of transport.

Arriving in Milan by plane

Of course, the quickest way is by plane. Milan has three international airports : Linate, Malpensa and Orio al Serio.

The airports are at different distances from the center, but you still need about 45-50 minutes to get to the center from all three.

The best way to compare flight tickets is to use Skyscanner , our favorite flight search engine.

Malpensa Airport

The largest of Milan’s airports is Malpensa. You can reach it from all major cities in Germany.

Malpensa is also well connected to the center. In addition to the Terravision shuttle bus , you can also take the Malpensa Express train directly to the main station in the center. The journey to the city also takes about 50 minutes.

Orio al Serio Airport

You can get the cheapest flights with low-cost airlines to Orio al Serio Airport, which belongs to the neighboring city of Bergamo.

Orio al Serio is the furthest from Milan, but the Orioshuttle shuttle bus runs to Milan Central Station every 30 minutes. The journey takes about 50 minutes.

Linate Airport

Linate Airport is located near the city, about 8 kilometers from the center. You can only get to the Domplatz from Linate with the normal city bus (line 73), which takes about 50 minutes.

However, direct flights to Milan Linate are only available from Düsseldorf and Frankfurt am Main .

Arriving by car: where to park in Milan?

You can easily reach Milan by car from the south of Germany: It is about a 6-hour drive from Munich .

However, hotel parking can be quite expensive. The most central hotels even charge up to around 50 euros per day for this . If you don’t want to pay, you can park in a separate parking garage and then reach your accommodation by public transport or on foot.

The following multi-storey car parks are well connected, video-monitored and open 24 hours:

  • International Parking : Near the main train station. Parking for 48 hours costs 50 euros
  • Car Central Parking : Near the Duomo. Parking for 48 hours costs 50 euros
  • Garage Ardenza : Outside the center. Parking for 48 hours costs 30 euros

However, if you don’t absolutely need the car in Milan, you should rather switch to the train or the plane . So you don’t have to deal with the traffic in Milan and looking for a parking space.

Public transport in Milan

Milan has a well-developed metro system, as well as bus and tram connections . So if you want to stay outside of the old town, you can still get to the center by bus and train.

The metro lines are marked with the letter “M”, i.e. M1, M2 etc. There are currently four in total, the fifth is still under construction (as of 2022).

So if you’re looking for the nearest subway station, look out for a big red “M” .

Normal tickets cost 2 euros and are valid for 90 minutes. A 24-hour ticket costs 7 euros. You can also take the tram with the same ticket.

You can get tickets in tobacco shops, at newsstands or in the subway stations.

Attention : the Milan metro only runs until 12:30 a.m., the tram until 2:30 a.m. But there are night buses that then replace the metro.

Frequently asked questions about Milan

How many days do you need for Milan?

It is best to give yourself at least three days . Milan is big and the city’s attractions are fairly scattered. You also need some time for shopping!

Is Milan dangerous?

No, at least no more dangerous than Berlin , London or Paris . However, do not leave any valuables in the car and always take good care of your bag, especially in the crowded metro.

Is Milan expensive?

Milan is the most expensive city in Italy. Overnight stays in the historic city center cost at least 200 euros per night, a meal in a simple restaurant around 30-40 euros per person.

But if you book a hotel outside of the old town, you can save a lot of money, for example. But it’s best to make sure that it’s near a metro station.

What is a must-see in Milan?

If you are short on time, you should definitely visit the streets around the cathedral. There are several highlights here: the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele, the Teatro alla Scala, the fashion square and the Brera district.

Milan Cathedral

]]>
Anaheim, California https://www.ehistorylib.com/anaheim-california.html Fri, 12 Aug 2022 15:19:07 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1397 Anaheim is located around 40 kilometers from Los Angeles and not only delights the Walt Disney Land that is there. The city is also reminiscent of a piece of German-American history.

What do many USA fans think of first when they hear the word “California”? On dream beaches and San Francisco, perhaps, but definitely on Hollywood, Beverly Hills and of course Los Angeles. And what do you think of when it comes to Walt Disney and his amusement park empire? Then, of course, it’s about Florida and especially Orlando, where – among other things – Walt Disney World is at home. However, advanced learners can also bring California and Walt Disney together. The result is the city of Anaheim, which is about 40 kilometers from Los Angeles on the Pacific Ocean in Orange County. Not only is Walt Disney Land in Anaheim, Anaheim is also a reminder of an exciting piece of German-American history.

Anaheim is much of the land of Walt Disney

History has the quality of being in the past. For tourists coming to Anaheim, however, the attraction is more likely to be the present. It offers the oldest amusement and theme park that Walt Disney has to offer. “Walt Disney Land” in Anaheim was opened 60 years ago and since then, believe it or not, over 500 million visitors have been there. With its theme park, Anaheim was the pioneer for a whole series of similar parks, as can be found in many places around the world today with “Walt Disney World” in Orlando, “Walt Disney Resort Paris” and parks in Hong Kong and Shanghai. Incidentally, the Anaheim Park has lost none of its appeal despite or perhaps because of its age.

  • Ask4beauty: Brief history and politics of state Maine, covering latest population and geographical information of Maine.

The Disney headquarters in Burbanks, which is also in California, ensures that the park is continually modernized and equipped with new attractions. That was and is especially the case now, around the 60th birthday of the institution. Of course, this also applies to the “Disney California Adventure Park”, which has also been located in Anaheim since the beginning of the millennium. Together, the two parks have since formed the “ Disneyland Resort ”, where families not only meet Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck, but can also take several days of adventure holidays in recreated Californian landscapes. You can find detailed information about Disneyland Resort Anaheim here.

Roller coasters aren’t unique to Walt Disney

The millions of visitors from all over the world that the Disneyland Resort attracts to Anaheim year after year have also aroused the desires of other amusement park operators. For example, in Buena, which is in the immediate vicinity of Anaheim, you can visit “Knott’s Berry Farm”. There are lots of roller coasters, wild water rides and other rides waiting for the guests. That may not sound particularly sensational, but it is still not uninteresting. After all, Berry Farm is one of the 20 best-visited amusement and theme parks in the USA.
Anyone who has been to Anaheim on business will likely know the Convention Center. A games fair, the “Blizzcon”, takes place there regularly. Every year in January, the industry also meets there for the largest music fair in the USA.

The founding fathers came from Bavaria

Anaheim is a very young city that has only been around since 1870. It arose from a settlement that German immigrants founded in 1857. Back then, 50 families came to this region of California one after the other to find better living conditions than at home. The very first settler there is said to have been a man named Daniel Krämer from Bavaria. The majority of the first Anaheimers came from Rothenburg ob der Tauber. The word component “heim” refers to the German founder pioneers to this day. “Ana”, however, has nothing to do with Germany. The first syllable of the name is a reference to the Santa Ana River that flows by here.

Anaheim at a glance

  • Home of the very first Disney Park, today known around the world as the “Disneyland Resort”
  • The founding fathers came from Germany
  • The Anaheim Convention Center hosts major entertainment industry fairs each year

Anaheim, California

]]>
Kennedy Space Center, Florida https://www.ehistorylib.com/kennedy-space-center-florida.html Fri, 05 Aug 2022 12:30:41 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1395 Rockets, space shuttles, exhibitions and more. NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in the Orlando area is a popular travel destination for those who want to learn more about space travel. Or for those who just want to spend an entertaining day with many attractions and sights. And with a little luck, you can even experience a rocket launch live on the rocket runway at Cape Canaveral.

Follow humanity into space at this interactive visitor complex at the Kennedy Space Center. A visit there is definitely worth the trip. The spaceport is about an hour’s drive from Orlando and, with its exhibits, is also a popular destination for tours.

  • Allcitycodes: Lists of all area codes of Illinois. Also includes state overview and counties by area code in Illinois.

What is the Kennedy Space Center?

The John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) is NASA’s spaceport and is located in the state of Florida on Merritt Island, northwest of Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. It is the place where all US manned space flights took off from December 1968 to July 2011. Initially, these were the famous Apollo missions and, from 1981, the space shuttles, some of which landed again at this location in Florida. With over 17,000 employees, it represents an immense economic factor for this region of Florida today. Whether moon rocket, space suit, space films or various achievements in space travel, the KSC has a lot to offer.

Where is the Kennedy Space Center located?

The Kennedy Space Center visitor center is located in central Florida on the Atlantic coast, not far from Orlando and Daytona Beach. The site itself is 55 kilometers long and 10 kilometers wide and thus covers an area of ​​around 567 square kilometers. The Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) facilities are located on the peninsula southeast of the site. This is where satellites are launched and this is where the United States’ manned space missions began until 1968.

How is the grounds of the Kennedy Space Center structured?

The Kennedy Space Center consists of four areas, many of which are closed to the public for security reasons. This contributes to the fact that many protected animal species have found a safe home here. To protect these animals, the northern tip of the island was designated as a nature reserve Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge expelled. The KSC visitor center is located in front of the actual complex, which consists of the KSC Industrial Area, the Launch Complex 39 with two launch ramps, the Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF) and the Shuttle Landing Facility. The launch pads LC-39A and LC-39B are 2.7 kilometers apart. The LC-39-B launch pad was no longer available for flights in the final phase of the shuttle program. Today the LC-39A launch pad is used as a launch pad for Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy. From the launch site LC-39B, flights of the Space Launch System are to start in the future.

Food at the Kennedy Space Center

For the physical well-being is in the visitor center of NASA in the following cafes and restaurants also taken care of:

  • Rocket Garden Cafe
  • Moon Rock Cafe
  • Orbit Cafe
  • Red Rock Grill
  • Milky Way
  • Rocket Fuel Food Truck

Shopping at the Kennedy Space Center

What would a trip to the space center be without souvenirs. In the space shop, you can purchase debris from meteorites, patches, books, models of space shuttles, t-shirts and much more.

Entrance fees

Day, multi-day, and annual tickets are available for the Kennedy Space Center.

The following admission prices apply.

Day Pass
Adults (12+): $ 57
Children (3+): $ 47

Multi-day ticket

Indian (ages 3+): $ 67

Annual pass
Adults (12 years and older): $ 96
Children (3 years old and over): $ 78

It is recommended, Buy tickets online in advance. You can print out these tickets and use them to enter the visitor center directly. If you want to take part in a special interest tour, you should definitely reserve your ticket in advance, as experience has shown that they sell out quickly.

Opening Hours

  • January 6 to March 22: 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.
  • March 23 to April 19: 9 a.m. to 7 p.m.
  • April 20 to June 28: 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.
  • June 29 to August 9: 9 a.m. to 7 p.m.
  • 10 August to 20 December: 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.
  • December 21st to December 24th: 9 a.m. to 7 p.m.
  • December 25th: 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.
  • December 26th to December 31st: 9 a.m. to 8 p.m.
  • January 1st to January 3rd: 9 a.m. to 7 p.m.

Address

  • Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex
  • Space Commerce Way
  • Merritt Island, FL 32953

Kennedy Space Center, Florida

]]>
Singaraja and Bintan, Indonesia https://www.ehistorylib.com/singaraja-and-bintan-indonesia.html Thu, 28 Jul 2022 17:22:04 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1393 SINGARAJA

Singaraja is the second largest city in Bali after Denpasar. It seems surprisingly spacious with its wide avenues, grandiose monuments and pretty gardens of colonial bungalows. The population of Singaraja (over 100,000 people) is a funny mix of Balinese, Chinese and Muslims. Behind the abandoned port, you can still see the shops and narrow streets of the old shopping area. Most of the descendants of the early merchants of Singaraja still live nearby.

Scattered along the coast and stretching for several kilometers inland, the city can confuse you at first. But it will be much easier to navigate if you remember that its main transport artery, Jalan Jen Achmad Yani, rushes from west to east and eventually enters the road leading to the Lovina resort. Jalan Gajah Made is directed from north to south and leads to the region of Lake Bratan. The intersection of these two streets, where hotels, restaurants, banks, post office, telephone office and night market are concentrated, can rightfully be considered the center of Singaraja.

According to Weddinginfashion, the city’s most famous attraction is Gedong Kirtya, the world’s only library of lontar manuscripts. These are ancient texts printed on specially processed lontar palm leaves. The library contains more than 3000 texts on the topics of religion, customs, philosophy, folklore, medicine, astrology and black magic written in Balinese, Old Javanese and Indonesian.
Just behind the library is a small weaving factory, Puri Sinar Nadi Putri, attached to the old palace. You’ll hear the crackling of looms long before you see the barn where exquisite ikat woven cotton and silk garments are made. Products from the larger Berdikari concern are highly valued throughout Indonesia. At Pasar Anyar Market, a two-story labyrinth of stalls and tiny shops, you can buy everything you need for life. In the northern part of the city on the coast is the ancient port of Buleleng – a quiet place with deserted warehouses and views of the traditional fishing villages further along the coast. It is hard to imagine that this was once the most important and busiest port in Bali.

Transport

There are three bus terminals in Singaraja: Sukasada (in the south) serves Bedugul, Denpasar and southern destinations; Banyuasri (in the west) serves western destinations including Lovina and the island of Java; and Penarukan (in the east) are the eastern directions. Small bemo minibuses run around the city between stations, but you can only get to the outskirts by dokar cabs.

Restaurants and nightlife

The largest concentration of restaurants and cafes is at the intersection of Jalan Jen Achmad Yani and Jalan Gajah Made. It serves inexpensive Chinese, Indonesian and Balinese dishes. When darkness descends on the city and a pleasant coolness, the night market on Jl Durian comes into motion. Illuminated by dim electric bulbs and paraffin lanterns, shoppers stroll among mountains of fruit and vegetables, exchange gossip, or dine at bustling food stalls.
Dewi Ramona, Matahari Beach Resort & Spa, Pemuteran. German and international cuisine.
Rumah Makan Arina. Indonesian cuisine.

BINTAN

The Indonesian island of Bintan is a short speedboat ride from Singapore. A small island is located south of the Malay Peninsula. Bintan Island is an abundance of coconut trees and hectares of tropical jungle, these are beautiful beaches of soft white sand, stretching for kilometers. Proximity to Singapore brings its own flavor. You can taste all the delights of the noisy entertainment of Singapore, so that later you can return to the realm of bliss and bliss.

Bintan Island is a wonderful world filled with lush tropical vegetation with outlandish plants and amazing flowers, unprecedented exotic animals and birds. Transparent clean air, filled with all the aromas of the tropics, intoxicates you, and gentle sea waves soothe and evoke beautiful dreams. Swimming here can only be called a fairy tale. After all, the water in the Strait of Malacca is very clean and warm all year round like fresh milk and cools only after rains. Light sea breezes bring unspeakable peace, possible only on a tropical island.

This is one of the few places in the world where corners of nature completely unspoiled by civilization are harmoniously combined with the impeccable service of first-class hotels. It offers vacationers unlimited opportunities for relaxation and recuperation – these are lush gardens, sandy beaches, spa treatments, sports fields. Here everyone will find something to their liking: various water sports, golf courses, bike rental, exciting hiking. And gastronomic surprises will not leave anyone indifferent. Amazing Bintan offers tropical resorts – “bounty” of coconut palms and hectares of tropical jungle, white sandy beaches stretching for kilometers, picturesque corners of nature.

Bintan, Indonesia

]]>
Boston, Massachusetts https://www.ehistorylib.com/boston-massachusetts.html Fri, 22 Jul 2022 10:05:48 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1391 Boston is the capital of the state of Massachusetts, capital of the county of Suffolk, occupies seventh place by population among the cities of the United States and is the most important cultural and commercial center of the north-eastern part of the great North American republic, that is, of New England.

Boston is located at 42 ° 21 ′ 27 ″ N. and 71 ° 3 ′ 30 ′ W on the Atlantic Ocean (Gulf of Maine), at the mouth of the two rivers Charles and Mystic, which flow into the great bay of Boston. It is only 373 km from New York. and it is the last North American metropolis on the sea, to be encountered proceeding beyond the 42nd parallel. The primitive nucleus of the city is to be found in the peninsula located between the sea and the Charles River, of just over 3 square kilometers. of surface, once strewn with coastal ponds and marshes, and joined with the continent by a narrow neck one mile long and so low that it was not infrequently submerged by the waters. The interior of the peninsula was slightly hilly and wooded. The peninsula was called by the Indians Mushauwomuk or Shawmut for short or “spring of living water”; the company of Giovanni Winthrop took possession of it in 1630, since it had seemed an excellent place both for defense and for trade, being almost everywhere surrounded by the sea and with some hills, one of which with three points gave rise to the name Trimountain, of the which is still traced today in Tremont, the name of one of the main streets of the metropolis. On this peninsula the primitive center of Boston was built (the name was solemnly inaugurated in the same year 1630); the coastal ponds were gradually filled so that the surface of the peninsula was 3 sq. km. passed to 7.

According to a2zcamerablog, Boston has a temperate oceanic climate. The average annual temperature is 9 °, 4, that of the winter period of −1 °, 6, that of the summer period of 20 °, 5. The average minimum temperature in winter is −6 °, 1, in summer 16 °, 1. The average of the maximums is in the winter of + 2 °, 8, in the summer of 25 °, 6. The absolute maximums are found in September with 38 °, 9. The coldest month is January with an average of -2 °, 8, the hottest July with 22 °, 2 (annual excursion, 25 °). Snow is abundant, hovering around an average annual layer of 1000 mm.: it falls in the months from November to April, with very well accentuated peaks in January and February. The average normal amount of rain fluctuates around 1100 mm.; all months are rainy with insensitive differences. The monthly average rainfall is 91 mm.; the maximum rainfall occurs in March with 107 mm., the minimum in June with 76.2; although not very sensitively, the winter semester is rainier.

The population of the city, according to the 1920 census, was 748,060 inhabitants and lived on an area equal to over 120 sq km. This very high figure is the result of the special conditions of the topographical and geographical environment in which the city has been developing, and of the territorial changes that have occurred over the centuries. In fact, the limits of the center gradually increased: already in the first half of the century. XVII (1636) included Noddle’s Island, which would later be called East Boston or Eastern Boston, between the Charles and Mystic estuaries and Chelsea Creek; in 1804 Dorchester Neck was annexed, which later became South Boston, located to the east of the primitive core of the city, separated from it by Fort Point Chanal and South Bay; subsequently the Washington Village became part of the city in 1855, Roxbury in 1868, Dorchester in 1874, Charlestown in 1874, West Roxbury and Brighton, Hyde Park in 1912, so that today the city occupies an area of ​​over 120 square kilometers. he city is the capital of the county of Suffolk, which borders to the south with that of Norfolk, to the west and north with that of Middlesex.

With the continuous expansion, even the characteristic topographical aspect of the center has undergone considerable metamorphosis: now it can be said that no traces of the old city remain except in the narrow and winding streets of the North End. Modern Boston has wide and spacious streets, with an overall length which reaches 1000 km. The main ones are vòlte da southwest  northeast

Boston has a great wealth of parks and public gardens: it has them in the heart of the old city (the famous Common, full of statues), in South Boston (Commonwealth Park), in eastern Boston (Nood Island Park), and in other suburban neighborhoods.

Boston’s population has been increasing dramatically over the past few centuries. In 1790 it had only 18,320 inhabitants, in 1830 the figure rises to 61,392; in 1850 the population was 136,881, and this very strong increase continues in subsequent censuses: in 1900 it was 560,892. In 1910 the population rose to 670,585 and in 1920 it was 748,060 residents A 1927 calculation gave 799,200 individuals living in Boston, and with the cities of Cambridge, Lynn, Somerville, Chelsea, Everett, Brookline, etc., becoming its suburbs, about 1,900,000 inhabitants. As for race, in 1920 97.2% of the population was made up of whites and 2.1% of blacks. There were also about 1200 Indians and Chinese.

From an industrial point of view, Boston holds the absolute primacy over all other cities in Massachusetts: in 1919 there were 713,800 employees in the state, of which 88,700 in Boston alone (12.4%). The total number of establishments exceeded 3000.

The greatest industrial increase occurred between 1914 and 1919. The articles of greatest production are: jams, articles of clothing, footwear, chocolate and cocoa, paper, articles of iron and steel, machinery. Special mention should be made of the printing-publishing industry, which includes 311 factories.

The commercial movement is done both by land and by sea. Boston is in this respect a railway and maritime center of the highest importance. All the main railways are headed by two stations: the North Station, located almost on the bank of the Charles River, from which lines depart for the north (Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine); the South Station, located on the Fort Point canal on the opposite side of the northern station, one of the largest in the world, 270 meters long and 230 wide, from which the railways radiate to the west and south, especially to New York.

The various parts of the metropolis are connected by means of numerous bridges, including the Harvard bridge between the Back Bay and Cambridge, the Warren and Charleston bridges that connect the heart of Boston with Charleston.

But the main source of wealth for Boston is the port, one of the main in the United States, which in the period 1920-1927 had an average annual traffic of 12,200,000 tons. approximately. Petroleum and coal, vegetable products, then textile fibers (cotton, wool) and finally animal products occupy the first places. The city has commercial relations with all the Atlantic countries, in which the traffic essentially takes place, especially with the countries of Western Europe (England).

Among the regions of the United States with the greatest commercial contact with Boston are the states of northeast , First of all Massachusetts, which is the immediate hinterland of the port, then Maine, Vermont, Illinois, etc. In 1920 the people employed in commerce added to the conspicuous figure of 52,700.

Libraries and cultural institutes. – Boston’s main library (Boston Public Library) is one of the most notable in existence. Founded in 1852 by Harvard University professor G. Ticknor, moved to its present location in 1895 and expanded in 1918, it contains over 1 million volumes. About thirty associated libraries depend on the mother library, with a complex of about 400,000 volumes. Also worth mentioning is the Massachusetts State Library (with about half a million volumes), and that of the American Academy of Sciences and Arts (about 300,000 volumes).

Among the cultural institutes, the University, founded in 1869 by I. Rich, L. Chaflin and J. Sleeper, attended by over 11,000 students: it is divided into various branches: liberal arts, theology, law, medicine, education, commerce, etc. The library includes over 300,000 volumes, and a large part of Giorgio Washington’s library. The Boston Latin School, founded in 1635, is the oldest school in the United States, and the “Boston School System”, which is connected to it, spread throughout the Confederation, includes over 140,000 students and about 4,500 teachers, distributed in a large number of elementary and middle schools. We must also remember the Roxbury Latin School, also very old (1641), and the English High School.

Harvard University (v.), Although not in Boston, exerts great influence on the cultural life of the city.

Boston also holds one of the first places in regard to charitable institutions: we must remember the Massachusetts General Hospital (1799), one of the best equipped in the world, the Boston City Hospital, which includes 26 buildings, the Massachusetts Homoeopathic Hospital, etc. There are numerous hotels, clubs and theaters, among which the main one is the Boston Theater, capable of over 3000 seats.

Monuments. – The Museum of Fine Arts, designed by the architect Guy Lowell, is a large and imposing building in front of which stands the famous bronze statue of an Indian on horseback, entitled The Prayer to the Great Spirit, by Cyrus E. Dallin. The museum has oriental collections which are among the most important. The Egyptian section is also very rich, with its large representation of the sculpture of the IV dynasty. The collection of prints is also very conspicuous. Greek vases, classical sculpture, and Italian Renaissance painting are also worthily represented in the Boston Museum, to which a section for decorative art was added in 1928.

One of its kind in America is the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Fenway Court, built in the style of Venetian Renaissance palaces, with a magnificent, constantly flowered courtyard. The collection of paintings, sculptures and other art objects, mostly Italian, remains distributed in the rooms in the order in which it was left on her death by Mrs. Gardner, and boasts works by Raphael, Titian, etc.

The public library (built on designs by McKim, Mead and White) has a central courtyard that reproduces that of the Palazzo della Cancelleria in Rome. It contains a series of frescoes by Puvis de Chavannes, the History of the Religion of the Sargent and the Quest for the Saint Grail of the Abbey.

The Government House on Beacon Hill was designed in 1789 by Bulfinch. It is built of red brick with white stone decorations, and topped with a golden dome. The large stone side wings were added to the original nucleus in the present century. Across the street, on the threshold of Boston Common, stands the monument to Robert Gould Shaw, the work of Saint-Gaudens, one of the best works of American sculpture. The nearby public garden contains Ball’s monument to General Washington, the first equestrian statue performed in New England.

Among the many churches, notable the King’s Chapel, by Peter Harrison (1749-54), an example of the first severe classical style, and the Trinity Church in Copley Square, built to Richardson’s designs in a romantic style that found wide imitation.

Boston, Massachusetts 2

]]>
What to See in Heidelberg and Essen (Germany) https://www.ehistorylib.com/what-to-see-in-heidelberg-and-essen-germany.html Fri, 15 Jul 2022 03:22:55 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1388 Heidelberg (Germany)

Heidelberg is located in the southwestern part of Germany. The city stands on the banks of the Neckar River and is surrounded by dense forests. The first written mention of it dates back to 1196, however, many areas of the city already existed as separate settlements by that time.

In the Middle Ages and early modern times, Heidelberg was the seat of the counts of the Palatinate. In 1386, Heidelberg University was founded here. In 1720 the residence of the Electors was moved to Mannheim, since then Heidelberg has lost its political significance. Modern Heidelberg is located in a densely populated region at the junction of the lands of Hesse, Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate, and together with Mannheim and Ludwigshafen forms a region – the Rhine-Neckar triangle agglomeration, the country’s seventh largest economic region.

Heidelberg is a city of small cozy alleys, the romance of ancient castles and student cafes. It is one of the few large German cities with preserved old city buildings that were not affected by the bombing during the Second World War. In 2004, the Old Town of Heidelberg was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The Old Town, which has one of the largest pedestrian areas in Europe (1.6 km), houses most of the city’s attractions.

The most striking attraction is Heidelberg Castle, towering 90 m above the city. The period of its construction lasted from the 14th to the 17th centuries. It is immediately evident that the castle does not have a clear building plan and that all its buildings were built in different styles. Here you can see examples of medieval architecture, Renaissance and German Baroque architecture. The western and southern parts of the castle are dominated by simple Gothic buildings, while the north and east are dominated by the luxurious and massive stone walls of the Renaissance palace, richly decorated with sculptures. The largest wine barrel is kept in the cellar of the castle. It was constructed in 1751 and is 8 m long and 7 m wide. The castle is surrounded by a magnificent garden.

Among other historical places, it is worth paying attention to the University Library, the churches of Heiliggeistkirche, Jesuitenkirche, Peterskirche, Providenzkirche; Old bridge; hotel “zum Ritter”, built in 1592; Abbey Neuburg, the ruins of the monasteries on Heiligenberg, the observatory on Mount Königstuhl.

Also in the city there are more than 20 museums, 11 theaters, Philharmonic and Symphony Orchestra. Heidelberg has a rich cultural life, which explains in no small measure the fact that it is a student city. There are many cultural centers and, of course, nightclubs.

Essen (Germany)

According to Themakeupexplorer, Essen was founded in the 11th century. Until the 19th century, it was a small town whose inhabitants were engaged in agriculture. When deposits of coal and ores were discovered in the Ruhr basin, the city began to grow and develop rapidly. Now Essen is a major exhibition center and one of the few places in Germany where “big business” is done: eleven of the hundred strongest concerns in Germany are controlled from here, including Krupp and Ruhrgas. More than 100 days a year, Essen hosts a variety of exhibitions and fairs.

The oldest architectural building in the city is the Essen Cathedral, built in the 14th century. It is famous for its interior decoration. Here is the world’s oldest sculpture of the Virgin Mary and a collection of jewelry from the time of Charlemagne. Villa Huegel impresses with its splendor with a huge garden around. This palace-like house was built by Alfred Krupp for his family. Today, various exhibitions are held there.

Southwest of Essen the Essen Museum Complex is located. Folkwang’s collection includes paintings from the beginning of the 19th century to the present day – the master of German romantic painting Caspar David Friedrich and his school, French impressionists, German and Russian expressionists from the Blue Rider. Next to the art gallery is the local history museum of the Ruhr district. Another museum of international importance, the Design Center is located in the north of Essen.

Main street of Essen is Kettwigerstrasse, where many different shops are concentrated: from modern shopping centers where you can buy everything in the world, to small private shops with a long tradition selling wine or model railways. In the south of the city there is a large artificial lake Baldeney, where you can have a great rest. Its area is 2.7 km2. Surfing and sailing schools, a rowing club are located around the lake, inviting everyone to actively spend their leisure time. The road around Baldeney is 14.7 km long and can be walked, rollerbladed or cycled. Every year the largest regatta in Germany is held here, bringing together the elite of sailing.

Every year from mid-October to the end of December, the so-called “Essen weeks of light” are held, when the entire central part of the city is festively illuminated. The theme of the light figures changes from year to year.

Essen (Germany)

]]>
Vancouver, British Columbia (Canada) https://www.ehistorylib.com/vancouver-british-columbia-canada.html Fri, 08 Jul 2022 05:35:02 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1383 According to Thedressexplorer, Vancouver is located on the southwestern tip of Canada on the Pacific coast in an area with a favorable climate where grapes, apricots and peaches grow. It is the largest city in the province of British Columbia, one of the main ports in North America and the largest port on the west coast of Canada. Vancouver stretches along the banks of the English Bay, where the Fraser River flows into. From the east it is surrounded by spurs of the Coast Range. Vancouver Central Business District separated from its other areas by numerous branches of the Fraser River, through which bridges are laid. Vancouver Bridges are one of the city’s top attractions. These are great places for walking with souvenir shops and shops. Downtown Vancouver is located on a peninsula.

Northwest of Downtown is Stanley Park. with cedar forests. The park covers 400 hectares, making it the largest urban park in North America. The main pedestrian area of Stanley Park is the seaside promenade. It has a length of about 11 km. This is a favorite place for walks of residents and visitors of the city. Bicycle paths are laid along the embankment. It is worth noting that the best way to explore the vast park is by bike. In addition, special buses run around the park. In addition to forests and beaches with ocean views, the park features totemic poles (iconic wooden sculptures of Canada’s first inhabitants of the Pacific Ocean), as well as an Aquarium and a Zoo. The Stanley Park Aquarium is the largest in the country. About 600 species of marine life are represented here. The main halls of the aquarium are the Arctic, Amazonian.

South of Downtown Vancouver is Granville Island. It is located under the bridge of the same name. The island has restaurants, numerous souvenir shops, shops and art galleries. On weekends, it is the venue for a variety of concerts and festivals. You can get to the island by a small ferry or a special aqua bus.

In Vancouver, the oldest quarter of the city is interesting – Gestown. It has been leading its history since 1867. The area is a mixture of old and new: Victorian and modern buildings, small markets and shopping centers. Vancouver is a city of immigrants, so here is Canada ‘s largest Chinatown with multiple markets.

Be sure to visit the Queen Elizabeth Botanical Garden, which is located on the highest city hill (167 m). The area of the garden is 52 hectares. Also noteworthy is one of the country’s main shopping areas – Robson Street, Vancouver University Botanical Garden, Nitob Japanese Garden, Christ Cathedral (Vancouver ‘s oldest church), Museum of Art, Vancouver Museum with a planetarium, Anthropological Museum, Maritime Museum and the Harbor Center Tower with viewing platform.

Vancouver surrounded by 18 km of sandy beaches that start from Stanley Park and end on the other side of the English Bay. The most popular beaches are Stanley Park Beach, Kitsilano Beach, Jericho Beach , Spanish Banks Beach, LocarnoBeach , Point Bay Beach, Acadia Beach, and the Tower Beach. Even in summer, the temperature of coastal waters does not rise above +18 degrees, so the beaches are used mainly for picnics. Swimming pools are installed on city beaches, and all beaches have showers and changing cabins. Northwest of Vancouver , the Sunshine Coast beach area is very popular.

Capilano Park is located near Vancouver. Interesting here are ancient forests with many trails, Capilano Canyon, through which a long suspension bridge is laid over 100 years old, and waterfalls on the Capilano River. There are several ski resorts in the vicinity of Vancouver. Whistler Resort, which is one of the most popular skiing destinations in North America, is located 120 km north of Vancouver on the slopes of the Coast Range. The ski season lasts here from November to August. The resort consists of two zones – Whistler and Blackcomb. The total elevation difference is 1632 m, the highest point is at an altitude of 2284 m. The resort has 200 slopes, of which 20% for beginners, 55% of medium difficulty and 25% of difficult ones, and 33 lifts (2 high-speed gondolas, 6 high-speed 4-wheel chairs)., 2 three-seat, 1 two-seat, 5 rope tows). Whistler also has all the possibilities for snowboarding, heliskiing and freeriding. The infrastructure of the resort meets the highest requirements, there are ski schools, equipment rental, more than 100 hotels of various levels, more than 200 restaurants with dishes from various cuisines of the world, bars, nightclubs, an ice rink, gyms, golf courses, snowmobile rentals, mountain bicycles and sledges.

Close to Vancouver also located ski resorts – Cypress, Mount Grouse and Mount Seymour. The Cypress resort has 47 ski slopes on the slopes of two mountains, 19 km of cross-country ski trails and 5 ski lifts. Cypress is located on the territory of the provincial park of the same name, so you can relax here in the summer. The Mount Seymour Resort has the highest base elevation (height at which the main infrastructure of the resort is located) – 930 m. The resort offers 24 ski slopes and 5 ski lifts. The Graus mountain resort has 26 slopes with the possibility of skiing at night and 7 lifts. The elevation difference is 384 m.

Vancouver, British Columbia (Canada)

]]>
Palencia, Castile-Leon (Spain) https://www.ehistorylib.com/palencia-castile-leon-spain.html Fri, 01 Jul 2022 03:35:17 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1378 The city of Palencia is located in the northern part of Spain, about 50 km north of Valladolid. It is the administrative center of the province of the same name.

The settlement on the Carrion River was founded by the Celtiberian tribes before our era. The heyday of the city came at the beginning of the 13th century, when King Alfonso VIII declared it his residence and founded the first Spanish University here. However, after the death of the king and the founding of the University of Salamanca, the city lost its importance.

According to Sunglasseswill, Palencia is located in the picturesque valley of the Carrión River. The city is surrounded by hills, on one of which stands the statue of Jesus Christ (height 20 m) – the third largest in the world after the statue of Christ in Rio de Janeiro. The central street of the Old Town of Palencia is Calle Mayor. On both sides of it rise the facades of buildings of the 18th-20th centuries, in which shops, restaurants and cafes are located. The street leads to the city’s main square, Plaza Mayor, where the 19th century city hall and the church of San Francisco (13th century) are located. A little to the west, closer to the river, is one of the largest Cathedrals in Castile. Cathedral of Palencia It was built between the 14th and 16th centuries. Its height reaches 30 m. In contrast to its restrained Gothic facade, the interior of the cathedral is full of artistic and religious masterpieces: the 16th century altar, the crypt where the remains of St. Next to the cathedral is the Bishop’s Palace with the Museum of Ecclesiastical Art, which houses religious art from some of the churches of Palencia. Be sure to head to the 11th century San Miguel church, easily recognizable by its tall 13th century lookout tower. It is also worth visiting the Palencia Museum, which tells about the history of the region from prehistoric times.

15 km south In Palencia, in the village of Venta de Banos, the Basilica of San Juan Bautista is interesting. This is the oldest Christian church in all of Spain, it was erected in the 7th century under the Visigothic king Rekkesvinta.

In general, the province of Palencia is known for its Romanesque buildings, and the city of Palencia is the starting point for the tourist route “Romanesque art of Palencia”, which includes about 50 Romanesque buildings in the province. This is the monastery of Santa Maria (11-13 centuries) in Aguilar de Campoo (Aguilar de Campoo); the monastery of Santa Clara (13th century) and the churches of Santa Maria (12th century) and Santiago (13th century) in Carrión de los Condes (Carrion de los Condes); the church of San Martin (11th century) in Fromista; the church of Santa Maria la Blanca (13th century) in Villalcazar de Sirga; Church of Santa Eulalia (13th-16th century) in Paredes de Nava (Paredes de Nava), where such famous Spanish sculptors as Pedro and Alonso Berruguete were born.

In the north of the province of Palencia, the spurs of the Cantabrian mountains extend. It is here that one of the largest tributaries of the Duero River and one of the most important water arteries of the region, the Pisuerga River, as well as its tributary, the Carrión River, originates. The source of the Pisuerga river is within the Fuente Cobre range, while the Carrión river is within the Fuentes Carriónas range. Both mountain ranges are protected by a natural park (Natural Park of Fuentes Carrionas and Fuente Cobre). The park covers an area of 78 thousand hectares. The local landscapes range from gentle river valleys to densely forested mountain slopes and cliffs. Oak and beech forests grow on the territory of the park, where rare Cantabrian brown bears live. The largest settlement of the park is the city of Cervera de Pisuerga.

Puebla de Sanabria, Castile-Leon (Spain)

The village of Puebla de Sanabria is located in the north-west of Spain in the province of Zamora near the border with Portugal. It is located at an altitude of 960 m between the Sierra de la Culebra and Sierra Cabrera mountains.

In the Middle Ages, Puebla de Sanabria was located on the strategically important routes of Spain and was therefore well fortified. The fortress walls and the impregnable castle of the second half of the 15th century have been preserved here to this day. The castle is located on the top of a hill. It is connected with the village itself by an old stone bridge, from where a beautiful view of the surroundings opens. Not far from the castle is the 12th century Nuestra Señora de Azogo church. To Puebla de Sanabria everywhere there is a spirit of the Middle Ages: small stone houses stand along the narrow cobbled streets, and buildings of the 15th century, decorated with coats of arms, rise in the central square.

North of Puelba de Sanabria are the Sierra Cabrera mountains. The Sierra Cabrera mountains reach a height of 2000 m. Here you can see all kinds of glacial landforms that appeared as a result of the last ice age: gentle valleys and numerous lakes. In the Sierra Cabrera, just 7 km from Puelba de Sanabria, there is Sanabria Lake – the largest glacial lake not only in Spain but of the entire Iberian Peninsula. Its area is 3.7 square meters. km, the maximum depth reaches 51 m. On the shores of the lake there is a natural park of the same name with an area of 224 sq. km. Oak forests stretch here, birches, willows and yews are found. The park is inhabited by 17 species of mammals and 76 species of birds, including roe deer, Spanish lynx, wolves, partridges and golden eagles, and trout is found in the lakes. The visitor center of the natural park is located on the north shore of Lake Sanabria in the former Cistercian monastery of San Martin de Castañeda from the 12th century. Here you will be told about the geological history, nature and culture of the area. In the summer, tourists can swim in the lake, sunbathe on its shores, go boating and even go windsurfing or kayaking (luckily there are equipment rentals here).

South of Puelba de Sanabria, the Sierra de la Culebra mountains stretch. They reach a maximum mark of 1243 m (mountain Peña Mira). This is one of the few places on the Iberian Peninsula where Iberian wolves live. In the middle of the 20th century, this type of wolf was almost exterminated. Currently, hunting for the Iberian wolf is prohibited in neighboring Portugal, in Spain is allowed. A special park was created for hunting the Iberian wolf in the Sierra de la Culebra. However, every year the Spanish authorities issue hunting permits for only a few individuals, and the opportunity to hunt each individual will cost several thousand euros. Also within the park you can just watch the wolves. The greatest probability of seeing a wolf is noted near the station “Muladar”, where park rangers feed the wolves. In addition, in the mountains of the Sierra de la Culebra is Mount Penedo, or as it is called the “Mountain of the Three Kingdoms”, which is located on the borders of the three medieval kingdoms of Portugal, Leon and Galicia.

Also from the village of Puebla de Sanabria you can go to the capital of the province – the city of Zamora (Zamora), which, due to the abundance of churches and buildings built in the Romanesque style, is called the “Museum of Romanesque Art”.

Palencia, Castile-Leon (Spain)

]]>
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia https://www.ehistorylib.com/petropavlovsk-kamchatsky-russia.html Fri, 24 Jun 2022 12:51:34 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1375 According to Smartercomputing, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is located on the Kamchatka Peninsula on the shore of the Avacha Bay. The city was founded during the wintering of the Second Kamchatka Expedition of Bering and Chirikov (1733-1743). This is the main Far Eastern port.

The Kamchatka Peninsula is 1200 km long and 450 km wide. Mountains stretch from north to south, where there are 29 active and 141 extinct volcanoes. Because of so many volcanoes, there are many thermal springs and acid lakes. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is the starting point for tourists. Numerous excursions to the natural attractions of the peninsula are arranged from here.

The most popular excursions are to Avachinsky volcano (2751 m). It is located 30 km from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. This is one of the most active volcanoes of the peninsula, the last eruption was noted in 1945, and in 1996 it woke up again. Also interesting are the volcanoes Koryaksky (3456 m), Vilyuchinsky (2173 m), Mutnovsky (2324 m), Gorely (1829 m), Khodutka (2090 m), Karymsky (1536 m) and of course the highest volcano in Europe and Asia – Klyuchevskoy (4850 m) with 69 side craters and funnels and the northernmost volcano of Eurasia – Shiveluch (3283 m).

In 1941, a unique natural area was discovered in Kamchatka in the Kronotsky Reserve – the Valley of Geysers.. In the local valley, covered with lush vegetation, there were about 20 large geysers, which, when gushing, were a bewitching sight. However, on June 3, 2007, a powerful mudflow covered about two thirds of the area of ​​the unique natural object, and many geysers were lost. It seemed that the unique natural object was lost forever, but in just a year the nature of the Valley of Geysers was restored, and already on July 1, 2008 it was again open to the public. Most of the geysers have resumed their work, in addition, new outlets of hot springs have formed here, and a picturesque lake has formed on the Geysernaya River. The appearance of the valley has changed a lot, and it will change in the future. Bears returned to the Valley of Geysers, and new landscapes began to attract even more tourists.

It is worth visiting the caldera of the extinct volcano Uzon, the area of which is 150 sq. km. Here you will see mud “volcanoes” and thermal lakes. Of the most famous thermal springs of Kamchatka, it is worth highlighting the Nalychevskiye (chlorite-sodium), Timonovskiye (sulfate-chloride-hydrocarbonate-sodium), Khodutkinskiye (hydrocarbonate-chloride-sodium) and Malkinskiye (hydrocarbonate-chloride-sulfate-sodium) springs. You can swim in these springs right in the open air.

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is located on the coast of the Avacha Bay, in the Avacha Bay. Every day, many boats and ships depart from the port for excursions around the bay. While traveling you will see bird markets, all kinds of marine animals, visit the reserve on Starichkov Island, where colonies of waterfowl such as the Bering and red-faced cormorant, Pacific gull, kittiwake, Pacific and spectacled guillemot, thin-billed and thick-billed guillemot, ordinary old man, puffin and ipatka live.

Diving is possible in the coastal waters of Kamchatka. The best time for diving is from May to October. Flounder, halibut, perch, octopuses, crabs, sea urchins, anemones, sponges and sea anemones are found in Avacha Bay, coralline algae, underwater landscapes, canyons and underwater boulders are very beautiful. The diving depth here reaches 30 m, the water temperature on the surface is 10-12 degrees Celsius, at a depth of 20 m – 3-6 degrees Celsius, and the visibility is 12 m. The diving depth in Avachinsky Bay is 70 m, visibility is up to 25 m. You can dive in the Karymsky volcanic lake, where springs that work in a geyser mode are unloaded.

In addition, fishing is very popular in Bechevinskaya Bay and in the area of the Shipunsky Peninsula. From July to August halibut are caught here.

Volcanoes of Kamchatka attract lovers of skiing and heli-skiing extreme sports. The season runs from December to May. The main ski bases of Kamchatka are Moroznaya in the city of Yelizovo, Krasnaya Sopka and Edelweiss in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The Russian Olympic team trains at the Moroznaya base. The length of the slopes is 2100 m, there are 5 in total, the height difference is 523 m, there are 2 ski lifts. The Krasnaya Sopka base is located within the boundaries of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. There are trails for both beginners and professionals, the height of the base is 450 m, there are 3 trails up to 1400 m long for tourists to choose from. There is an 800-meter illuminated slope at the Edelweiss base.

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia

]]>
Culture of Serbia https://www.ehistorylib.com/culture-of-serbia.html Fri, 17 Jun 2022 01:56:22 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1372 Serbs and Montenegrins, although they are two branches of the same ethnic group, differ markedly from each other in character and attitude. The tragic fate of the Balkan land, which from time immemorial served as a bait for all kinds of aggressors and invaders, left an indelible mark on the character of these peoples, which is easily traced even today. Montenegrins are very proud and independent, while surprisingly peaceful and tolerant of all manifestations of other cultures. Here you will not see interethnic hostility, recent political crises and wars have not touched this fertile land at all, no one cheats in the store and does not shortchange in the market (although Montenegrins love and know how to bargain), respect for any faith and beliefs is clearly visible, and there is absolutely no craving to the “beautiful life”. The two most important strongholds of local morality are “cojstvo” and ” than Montenegrins. However, in order to notice these features, one will probably have to come here with a clear prejudice towards the Serbian people, who have been so zealously supported in recent times in the West. The fate of the Serbs is tragic and heroic at the same time. Suffice it to say that not a single war that has swept across the European continent over the past two millennia has bypassed this small country, several times smaller than, for example, Switzerland, which has not been at war with anyone for 600 years.

Therefore, one should not be surprised that the inhabitants of Serbia are, indeed, ardent nationalists, and do not hide it. However, their nationalism is not at all the same as in some places they are used to describing in terrible propaganda about the Balkan wars. This is a healthy and long-suffering feeling of national self-sufficiency, pride in one’s history and the deeds of one’s ancestors, as well as bitterness for the centuries-old genocide of the Serbs and the narrow-mindedness of some politicians, including their own, Serbian ones. But in general, this is the same hospitable and open people, like most of the South Slavic tribes. Serbs also sacredly honor their culture, like Montenegrins, for centuries they have relied on the main stronghold of their nation – the Serbian Orthodox Church, they also love to set the table, receive guests and organize all kinds of festivities, eat the same dishes and even speak almost the same language, like the rest of the peoples of the former Yugoslavia. Even young Serbs know the history of their country at the level of a professional historian, and excursions to memorable places will be carried out no worse than an experienced guide. Here they are tired of the war and will happily discuss the views of the harvest or sports, gossip about their personal lives or criticize the weather, however, it is not worth talking about politics or the last Balkan war here – these events are too fresh in the memory of local residents. Relations with other peoples of the former Yugoslavia, despite the active process of reconciliation, still remain difficult – in almost every family, someone died in that war, more than 30% of the population lost their homes and were forced to live in other people’s houses, Serbian shrines, and the situation in UN-controlled Kosovo is still extremely tense. In Serbia and Montenegro, there is quite a lot of respect for Russians and residents of the countries of the former USSR, who are welcome guests almost everywhere. There is nothing ostentatious in this – for the most part, this is how they treat all foreign tourists, however, the centuries-old connection between our peoples has not faded from the memory of people here, although it is somewhat “blurred” events of recent years.

According to Shoe-Wiki, the almost complete absence of a language barrier contributes to this – Serbo-Croatian, although very remotely similar to Russian, is nevertheless united in its linguistic basis and graphics, and the abundance of people who know Russian “from the old days” evens out this difference. However, young people, as elsewhere, prefer to study Western European languages. Although the English language is used almost everywhere, especially in trade and the resort business, it is not very popular among the population for political reasons, especially in Serbia – German or French is preferred here. Any phrase in Russian will arouse the liveliest interest of local residents here, and knowledge of several of the most common local words almost completely erases the boundaries between tourists and hosts. When meeting the locals, regardless of religion, they greet each other in a European way – with a handshake. In some southern regions, hugs and kisses are allowed when meeting well-known people, but this is unacceptable with strangers. When visiting someone’s home, small gifts are common. The ability to speak and carry on a conversation is highly valued by the locals. Lengthy dialogues at any table, be it a street cafe or a private house, can be seen everywhere. The attitude to clothing is quite informal, European dress is accepted everywhere, but tracksuits are unlikely to cause understanding in restaurants and cafes. People in “inappropriate” form are simply not allowed in most restaurants, and even more so – at official events. Evening wear is rather informal, but conservative, and is based on local traditions. For a foreigner, compliance with local dress codes for such cases is not at all necessary – it is enough to have long trousers or a dress, as well as a shirt or blouse in a classic style (in some cases, a jacket). Most of the country’s inhabitants are heavy smokers. Even in public transport and in public places you can always meet smokers. Also, noisy companies diligently engaged in libation are not uncommon, but drunkenness among the locals is a rare phenomenon.

HOLIDAYS

  • January 1 and 2 – New Year
  • January 6 and 7 – Orthodox Christmas
  • April 27 – Statehood Day
  • April-May – Orthodox Easter
  • May 1-2 – Labor Day
  • May 9 – Victory Day
  • July 4 – Partisan Day
  • July 7 (in Serbia), July 13 (in Montenegro) – Uprising Day
  • November 29-30 – Days of the Republic

If the holiday falls on Sunday or Saturday, then the following Monday and Tuesday are also considered non-working.

Culture of Serbia

]]>
Kenya National Parks https://www.ehistorylib.com/kenya-national-parks.html Thu, 09 Jun 2022 17:27:39 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1370 NATIONAL PARKS

With many national parks, Kenya is home to all kinds of animals, birds, reptiles and rare plants. Kenya’s parks are visited by tourists for several reasons: they are considered among the best in the entire African continent and they are the most accessible in East Africa. Along with land parks, Kenya has two marine national parks: Malindi and Watamu. In the parks of Mount Kenya and Kakamega Forest, unique plants that do not grow anywhere except Kenya are carefully preserved. When visiting national parks and reserves, tourists are offered only two types of accommodation: either in modern hotels – lodges (from the English lodge – hunting lodge), or in tented camps (camps). It should be noted that the tents in the camps do not stand directly on the ground, but on specially paved areas with wood or stones, and above the tent there is a solid roof. In the tent itself there are beds, necessary furniture, a toilet and a shower cabin (in some camps – a bathtub). Some camps are not inferior to luxurious 5-star hotels in terms of accommodation and services.

MASAI MARA

According to Securitypology, the Masai Mara National Reserve covers an area of 1672 sq. km and is located at an altitude of 1500 m to 2100 m above sea level. This park is an extension of Tanzania’s Serengeti National Park, recognized as the best in the world, which is part of the Serengeti ecosystem, covering an area of ​​more than 40,000 square meters. km between the Great Rift Valley and Lake Victoria.

Masai Mara is by far the best and most popular nature reserve in Kenya, as it contains almost every species of animal and plant known in East Africa.

One of the most unique sights is the migration of hundreds of thousands of wildebeests, gazelles and zebras from the Serengeti to the north. At this time, a continuous stream of animals moves across the savannah, which does not stop in front of any obstacles, including water barriers. Migration from the Serengeti begins in January and ends in July-August in the Masai Mara, as soon as dry weather sets in there. The return migration begins in October. The landscape in the reserve is mostly flat. Of the vegetation, acacias and thorns are common. The Mara River flows through the reserve from north to south, which then flows into Lake Victoria. About 2.5 million herbivores live in the reserve: wildebeest, gazelles, zebras, buffaloes, impalas, cow antelopes, giraffes, elands, elephants, hippos, rhinos, warthogs and wild boars. It is also home to a huge number of lions, leopards, cheetahs, hyenas, jackals, lower mammals and reptiles. In the Masai Mara, you can take a hot air balloon safari, which will undoubtedly remain one of the most vivid memories in the life of any traveler. The cost of this entertainment is about $400 per person.

AMBOSELI

Amboseli Reserve was founded in 1948 and has long been the most visited in Kenya, due to its proximity to Kilimanjaro and the wonderful views that open from its territory to the first peak of Africa. In 1961, all 5260 sq. km were transferred to the management of the elders of the Masai tribe, who began to use it as a pasture. As a result of many years of grazing, the park suffered enormous damage. In 1971, 329 sq. km were declared a national park in which the Maasai were forbidden to graze livestock.

Amboseli Park is located in the arid zone of the country and is usually quite hot and dry. Acacias, characteristic of the savannah, are widespread in the park. Of the representatives of the animal world, in addition to lions, cheetahs, hyenas and jackals, buffaloes, gazelles, warthogs, zebras, giraffes and many baboons are found here. One of the most spectacular sights to see in this park is the huge herd of 600-700 elephants as well as the very rare endangered black rhinoceros. Almost 100 years ago, due to rare rains, Lake Amboseli dried up. But in 1992-1993, the lake re-formed and pink flamingos returned to it. With the return of the lake, the park has become even more green and blooming.

Tsavo

This is the largest national park in Kenya, covering about 21,000 sq. km. It is located in the southeastern part of the country and is bisected into western and eastern parts by the Nairobi-Mombasa road and railroads.

Eastern Tsavo (Tsavo East). This is the less visited part of the park, and therefore you can observe wildlife here without the risk of meeting crowds of tourists. Most of the territory of this part of the park is occupied by vast forests inhabited by herds of elephants. You will find the most diverse animal world in the Kanderi swamp. But the most famous attraction in this part of the park is the Aruba Dam, built on the Voy River, next to which a lot of birds and animals live.

Over time, East Tsavo is more and more open to tourists. There are a sufficient number of campgrounds here. In this part of the park, inexpensive jeep safaris or hiking tours are held for those who do not like noisy tourist places.

West Tsavo (Tsavo West). This part of the park is better known and developed, has an extensive road network and infrastructure. The soil in this part is very fertile due to the abundant supply of water and the volcano, so the vegetation here is very lush. The main attractions are the ponds at Kilaguni and Nguila lodges, which attract game during the dry season. In autumn, thousands of birds migrating from Europe to the south stop to rest near Nguila Lodge. Not far from Kilaguni Lodge is Mzima Springs, a favorite haunt of hippos and crocodiles. You can observe them under water, being in a specially equipped room with a glass wall.

The fauna of this park is very diverse: agama lizards, pygmy mongooses, marabou storks, baboons, antelopes, buffaloes, zebras, giraffes, jackals, hyenas, crocodiles, hippos, leopards, lions and cheetahs. For many years, a scientific experiment has been carried out on the territory of Tsavo, in which, unlike other national parks in Kenya and most of Africa, there is no seasonal shooting of animals (mainly elephants, which are the natural regulator of life in Africa). In this regard, once every few years, the population of elephants exceeds the allowable one, and mass death of animals begins from lack of food and disease.

Kenya National Parks

]]>
Georgia Country Overview https://www.ehistorylib.com/georgia-country-overview.html Fri, 03 Jun 2022 14:10:50 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1360 The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (GSSR) is located in the Transcaucasian region. It is limited to the West by the Black Sea, of which it occupies the eastern coast from the mouth of the Ingur River to the village of Sarp; in the NE. the border runs for a stretch along the course of the Ingur, then follows the main Caucasus range up to the Ancal massif; in S. Georgia borders with Turkey, then with the Republic of Armenia; to E. with the Republic of Azerbaijan. The total area is 70,218 sq km. The Georgian Republic was proclaimed on February 25, 1921.

Georgia is divided into eastern and western. It was once divided, administratively, into the two governments of Tiflis and Kutais; now it has 16 districts in turn divided into rajony.

The republics of Adžaristan (Adžarskaja ASSR), South Ossetia (Ju.-OAO) and Abchazia (Abchazskaja SSR) gravitate in the orbit of the Georgian republic.

According to Rctoysadvice, capital of Georgia and Transcaucasia is Tiflis, which has 294,000 residents (1926).

In ancient times Georgia was known under various names, Colchis, Iberia, Albania: the present name is of Persian origin. For the Persians, in fact, and for the Arabs, the name Gurgist ā n indicated the country of the Kura; from it derive the Turkish form of Gurgi and that used by the Russians of Gruzija. The rumor Georgia was spread in Europe by the monks who visited or learned of those regions in the thirteenth century. Georgians themselves rarely use this denomination, rather using their national name of Kartli (residents Kart velni), whence that, given to the country, of Sak‛art‛velo.

The territory of the republic consists first of all of the southern slope of the central region of the Caucasus proper; it is therefore a purely mountainous region. Various buttresses detach from it, one of which, called the Suram mountains, connects the Caucasus system to the Transcaucasian mountains and more especially to the Little Caucasus, dividing the Rion valley to the West from the Kura valley to E. it is quite uniform and the coast is flat, except in the vicinity of the southern border. The climate of Georgia is, on the whole, very mild, although there are considerable differences between the coastal region, which is rather unhealthy, and the mountainous area with an excellent climate; rainfall is very abundant especially in the W, in the Rion and Ingur valleys. Hydrography has two sides, one western or the Black Sea, the other eastern or the Caspian Sea. To the first belong the Ingur and the Rion, to the second the Kura, the Mtkvari of the Georgians, a tributary of the Arasse and which is the most important watercourse in the Transcaucasian region; also its tributaries Alazan ′ and Jora should be mentioned. The spontaneous vegetation is very luxuriant in the Ingur and Rion valleys due to the great abundance of rains; broad-leaved trees and various plant species typical of Mediterranean countries predominate; towards E. instead, due to the relative aridity of the soil and the drought of the climate, the vegetation typical of the steppes prevails; in the mountainous area of ​​the Caucasus, in addition to coniferous forests, alpine pastures abound.

The population of today’s Georgian republic amounts to 2,660,963 residents, most of whom (68%) are Georgians (Cartveli): in fact, these were calculated in 1917 to 1,615,216, of which 723,686 inhabited eastern Georgia and 910,888 the western one. The remainder of the population consists of Armenians, Tatars, Russians and Germans. Other populations of the Caucasian linguistic stock also penetrate Georgian territory, especially Lesghi. However, Imeretia, Mingrelia, Suanetia, Guria and Lasistan have always been inhabited by populations of Georgian blood. Altogether, thirteen groups of populations scattered throughout the Georgian territory can be distinguished, and although speaking somewhat different languages, they understand each other perfectly. The Cartalini, residents in Cartalinia along the median basin of the Kura and which number about 450,000 individuals; the Cacheti (Kakhi ; 150,000) located along the upper and middle courses of Alazan and Jora; the Tusci (Tu š i ; 10,000) of the northern slope of the main Caucasus range, divided into four groups, one of which speaks a Chechen dialect; the Chevsuri (Khevsuri ; 10,000) distributed on both sides of the Caucasus range to the W of the previous ones; i P š avi (Pš avi ; 15,000) in S. dei Chevsuri, along the course of the Aragva and the Jora; the Mthiuli (Mtiuli) of the central Caucasus massif; the Ingiloi (15,000) from the Zakataly district and the Meschi (Meskhi), both Muslims; the ‘ Imerî (Imereli ; 150,000) of the basin of the Kvirila and Rion rivers, in the region they call Imeretia; the Guri (Gureli ; 110,000) between the course of the Rion and the mountains of Agiaristan. The groups of western Georgia, although detaching themselves for the language, are similar to the previous ones: they are the Suani (Svani 20,000) in Suanetia or the region around the upper reaches of the Ingur; the Mingrelî (Megreli ; 280,000) in the Mingrelia or territory between the Rion, the Ingur and the Black Sea; and the Muslim Lasi (Lazi), who live partly in Agiaristan and partly in Lasistan, that is, along the Black Sea coast up to Trebizond. Georgians have a characteristic physical type: they are of medium height, slender, robust, have regular features, penetrating black eyes, dark curly hair, are rough but frank, liberal and hospitable, with a combative spirit. The Armenians, very numerous, live mainly in the cities exercising trade: the Jews, called Uriah by the Georgians, they live in their own villages although they tend to be confused with the Georgians themselves.

Georgia is a predominantly agricultural country. The most important crop is that of cereals: wheat in the eastern part of the country, maize in the western part (export of a considerable quantity of product). Viticulture is also important, which occupies about 60,000 hectares; the wines that are obtained, however, are poorly processed and are difficult to keep. Among the plants of industrial use, tobacco occupies the first place; it is grown especially along the Black Sea coast (the tobacco of Suchum, in Abkhazia, is very famous, competing with the Turkish one). Other notable crops are developing cotton, fruit trees, tea and sesame. The forests extend over about ⅓ of the Georgian territory, and are rich in excellent wood species. Broad-leaved woods prevail (¾ of the total); the coniferous forests occupy the highest areas, and consist mainly of Abies Nodmannia, Picea orientalis, Pinus silvestris. There are numerous essences that give tanning and medicinal extracts.

Mountain pastures occupy large areas, but since fodder is scarce in low-lying areas almost everywhere, livestock farming is of little importance in the country. Pigs are mainly raised in western Georgia, and cattle in western Georgia; here the dairy industry has also begun to develop with rational methods. There are many goats and sheep throughout the country. In western Georgia the breeding of the silkworm is remarkable: the cocoons are exported in the majority.

The mineral wealth consists mainly of manganese ores, extracted in the Čjatury region (province of Kutais), where there are huge reserves, the most important in the world after those of the United States; copper ores, mined in the Alaverdi region, in the Telav district and in the Artvin district and near Batum; iron ore, found in Čatach in the Borčalo district; and the hard coal, which is extracted in Tkvibuli, not far from Kutais, and in Tkvarčeli, a town located about thirty kilometers away. from the Black Sea, behind Očemčiri.

The industry still has all the characteristics of the small oriental domestic industry: the main products are carpets, sidearms and pottery. Georgia is crossed by the Transcaucasian railway which connects Baku and Batum, passing through Tiflis and Kutais, and with a branch reaches Poti. Minor branches lead from the main trunk to the mining districts of Čjatury and Tkvibuli, to the health resort of Bukuriani in the Little Caucasus, to the city of Telav in Cachetia, and to the Armenian border. In addition, the pipe line that goes from the Baku wells to the Black Sea ends in Batum. Batum and Poti are therefore the two ports where Europe’s oil importers come to get their supplies.

Georgia Country Overview

]]>
Palestine 2000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/palestine-2000.html Fri, 27 May 2022 08:12:18 +0000 https://www.ehistorylib.com/?p=1358 According to Printerhall, the very long and troubled Israeli-Palestinian peace process knew, at the end of the 20th century, a new but illusory relaunch with the agreement of Šarm al-Šayẖ (September 1999), which should have led the parties to sign the a final and resolving treaty within one year, along the lines indicated by the 1993 Oslo accords. The progress of the negotiations, however, had highlighted the growing distrust of Palestinians in Israeli politics, aimed at postponing the implementation of the process begun in Oslo over time and avoiding opening a detailed negotiation on the future Palestinian state and on the controversial issues of the future of Jerusalem and the return of refugees. Immediately after the Šarm al-Šayẖ agreement, however, Israel initiated the first of three planned withdrawals from the Occupied Territories (the other two were scheduled for November 1999 and January 2000). The return of large swathes of West Bank territory to the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) followed the lines of the agreement signed in September 1995 in Washington, known as Oslo II., which had divided the West Bank, like a ‘patch of leopard’, into three types of zones: A, under the Palestinian authority (but in which Israel maintained control over movements in and out); B, under joint control (Palestinian civil administration, but Israeli military control for security issues); C, under Israeli authority. The withdrawal of September 1999 covered 7 % of the territory of the West Bank, which passed from zone C to zone B. On 25 October, a 44 km long connecting road between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank was opened (from Tar Kumiya, near Hebron, at the checkpoint of Erez, in the Strip); Israelis maintained absolute control (eg, transit permits for Palestinians, military checkpoints, and even traffic restrictions).

Although the negotiations on the definitive agreement were started in Ramallah at the beginning of November, the end of the year marked a deterioration in relations between the parties; the new stalemate, caused by the expansion of Israeli settlements in the West Bank and by the growing recourse to terrorism by the Palestinian fundamentalist organization Ḥ am ā s (Ḥarakat al-Muq ā wama al-Isl ā miyya, Islamic Resistance Movement, founded in Gaza in 1987), brought about yet another shift in the calendar of retreats from the West Bank. The influence of Ḥamās it had grown considerably during the 1990s; the organization, operating mostly in hiding but also heavily involved in welfare and support activities for the population, was expanding its roots in society, proclaiming in a priori way the rejection of any political solution to the conflict. Furthermore, its propaganda had been decisive in inciting the streets to fundamentalism and violence both against Israel and against members of more moderate Palestinian movements.

The 2000 was the year that marked somehow the end of the peace process begun in Oslo. The failure of the Camp David negotiations between Israel and the Palestine (July) brought to light the growing distance between the parties and the strong (and never cleared up) ambiguities of the whole negotiation. In fact, beyond the irreconcilable positions on Jerusalem and the refugees, the Israeli national security doctrine, thanks to which they, in consideration of their defense needs, had repeatedly suspended the withdrawal of the army from the Territories, had dramatically frustrated the expectations of the Palestinian population, which on the basis of those agreements expected to receive about 90 % of the Territories already in the transitional period of the agreement. At the beginning of 2000, however, only 12.1 % of the West Bank was under full Palestinian control (zone A), while 26.9 % were in zone B and 61 % in zone C. At Camp David Israel showed their intention to return between 91 and 97 % of the West Bank, but breaking it into three sections, devoid of any territorial continuity between them. Even the proposed security clauses appeared unacceptable to the Palestine negotiators: demilitarization of the Palestinian state, Israeli control along the Jordan and at the borders between the future state and the other Arab states. The rigidity shown at Camp David by Palestinian President Y. ̔Arafāt, firmly intending not to come to terms with the right of his people to the return of the Territories, can therefore find an explanation in the growing frustration of the Palestinian population, which never as it happened in the years 1993-2000 had seen their living conditions dramatically worsen: doubling the number of Israeli settlers in both Gaza and the West Bank; construction of 30 new settlements and related confiscation of over 160 km of land; strangulation of the Palestinian economy through the expropriation of farms and pastures; uprooting of tens of thousands of olive and fruit trees; drainage of water resources; demolition of houses and infrastructure. According to Amnesty International, at the beginning of 2000 the Oslo accords had resulted in the creation in the West Bank of 227 areas under the total or partial control of the Palestine, geographically separated and mostly spread over less than 2 km 2, with Israeli checkpoints entering and outgoing. At the end of September 2000, in the days in which according to the calendar established between the parties the Palestinians should have declared the birth of their state, the West Bank was divided as follows: 17.2 % area A, 23.8 % area B, 59 % area C. period the second intif ā ḍa broke out in Jerusalem, called al-Aqṣā from the name of one of the mosques of East Jerusalem, located in the third holy place of Islam, al-Ḥaram al-Sharīf (the noble sanctuary, also known as Esplanade of the mosques). On September 29, the day following the visit of Likud leader A. Sharon at the religious site revered by both religions (for Jews the Esplanade is the Temple Mount), the first riots broke out: after the Friday prayers, some thousands of Muslim faithful flocked to the Esplanade, where violent clashes with the police took place Israelis (6 Palestinian victims and over 200 injured). The protest spread like wildfire, quickly turning into a generalized revolt for independence, and was severely suppressed by the Israeli government. But unlike the first intif ā ḍa, characterized by street clashes, popular demonstrations and non-violent acts of civil disobedience, the intif ā ḍa of al-Aqṣā immediately saw, by the Palestinians, a wide use of firearms and a massive use of bombings and suicide attacks against civilians and military.

Palestine 2000

]]>